Test Bank For Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism 7th Edition Test Bank

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Chapter 01 The Cell A Microcosm of LifeMULTICHOICE1.Membrane lipid bilayers consist primarily of ____.(A) phospholipids(B) cholesterol(C) proteins(D) saturated fatty acidsAnswer :(A)2.Membrane proteins donotserve as ____.(A) pumps(B) detoxifiers(C) receptors(D) enzymesAnswer :(B)3.What is the role of cholesterol in plasma membrane structure?(A) to produce bile(B) to regulate fluidity and permeability(C) to reduce stability(D) to produce hormonesAnswer :(B)4.Signals generated at one part of a cell are transmitted quickly to other parts of the cell due to theinterconnection of the cytosol and ____.(A) glycoproteins(B) filaments(C) glycolipids(D) integral proteins

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Answer :(B)5.The carbohydrate moieties of the plasma membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids are oriented____.(A) outwardly, away from the cytoplasmic matrix(B) inwardly, toward the lumen(C) equally inwardly and outwardly to maintain symmetry(D) between the bilayers of the membranesAnswer :(A)6.Proteins attached to the membrane through hydrophobic interactions and embedded in themembrane are called ____.(A) peripheral proteins(B) rough endoplasmic reticula(C) integral proteins(D) Golgi apparatusesAnswer :(C)7.In the cell structure, the ____ provides support and controls the movement of cell organelles.(A) endoplasmic reticulum(B) mitochondrion(C) cytoskeleton(D) matrix spaceAnswer :(C)8.The fluid portion of the cytoplasmic matrix doesnotcontain ____.(A) amino acids(B) glucose(C) carbon dioxide(D) ureaAnswer :(D)

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9.Enzymes of metabolic pathways within the cytoplasmic matrix are often oriented so that theproduct of one enzyme is released in close proximity to the next enzyme for which it is a substrate,to facilitate the velocity of the overall pathway. This arrangement includes enzymes of ____.(A) beta-oxidation(B) glycolysis(C) ketone production(D) the Krebs cycleAnswer :(B)10.The organelle responsible for production of most of the metabolic energy (ATP) is the ____.(A) Golgi apparatus(B) endoplasmic reticulum(C) nucleus(D) mitochondrionAnswer :(D)11.All components of the electron transport chain are embedded in the ____.(A) mitochondrial inner membrane(B) mitochondrial outer membrane(C) mitochondrial matrix(D) cytoplasmic matrixAnswer :(A)12.In which organelle do the TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation occur?(A) Golgi apparatus(B) nucleus(C) microsomes(D) mitochondrionAnswer :(D)13.What is the major route for ATP production?

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(A) oxidative phosphorylation(B) hydrolysis(C) peroxidation(D) transformationAnswer :(A)14.Which organelle is capable of performing both fission and fusion?(A) Golgi apparatus(B) mitochondria(C) rough endoplasmic reticulum(D) nucleusAnswer :(B)15.Genes contained in mitochondrial DNA are inherited only from the mother and code for ____.(A) all proteins functioning within the mitochondrial matrix(B) nonfunctional ancient proteins considered remnants of evolution(C) proteins vital to the production of ATP(D) antioxidant proteinsAnswer :(C)16.The cell organelle responsible for the initiation and regulation of most cellular activity is the____.(A) cytoplast(B) nucleus(C) mitochondrion(D) nucleolusAnswer :(B)17.In addition to the mitochondria, which organelle possesses an inner and outer membrane?(A) lysosome

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(B) lysosome(C) Golgi apparatus(D) nucleusAnswer :(D)18.Microtubule organization centers (MTOCs) on the outer nuclear membrane are associated withwhich cellular process?(A) oxidative phosphorylation(B) electron transport(C) mitosis(D) protein synthesisAnswer :(C)19.Encoded within the nuclear DNA of each cell is ____.(A) the entire genome for that organism(B) the genes coding for proteins needed by that particular cell in the organism(C) chromatin(D) a cell-specific histoneAnswer :(A)20.DNA in the nucleus is wrapped around ____.(A) proteins called histones(B) the nucleolus(C) the nuclear envelope(D) ribosomal RNAAnswer :(A)21.Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA?(A) guanine(B) uracil

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(C) thymine(D) cytosineAnswer :(B)22.Which enzyme is responsible for linking together the incoming nucleotides during DNAreplication?(A) DNA ligase(B) helicase(C) DNA polymerase(D) reverse transcriptaseAnswer :(C)23.Transcription is the process by which ____.(A) the genetic information in a single strand of DNA makes a specific sequence of bases in amessenger RNA (mRNA) chain(B) genetic information in an mRNA molecule specifies the sequence of amino acids in the proteinproduct(C) amino acids are linked together to form the primary structure of a protein(D) the primary structure of a protein is folded several times to become the quaternary structureAnswer :(A)24.Translation is the process by which ____.(A) the genetic information (base sequence) in a single strand of DNA is used to specify acomplementary sequence of bases in an mRNA chain(B) a daughter duplex DNA molecule that is identical to the parental duplex DNA is synthesized(C) the polypeptide chain of the protein product is extended(D) genetic information in an mRNA molecule specifies the sequence of amino acids in the proteinproductAnswer :(D)25.Elongation is the process by which ____.(A) the mRNA strand is formed

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(B) peptide bonds are formed between aligned amino acids after the amino acids are positioned(C) amino acids are activated by ATP at their carboxyl end(D) activated amino acids are transferred to their specific tRNAs that contain the anticodoncomplementary to each amino acid's codonAnswer :(A)26.Transcription-level control mechanisms ____.(A) determine the path by which mRNA can be translated into a polypeptide(B) determine whether a particular mRNA is actually translated(C) determine if a particular gene can be transcribed(D) are driven by the interaction of tRNA and mRNAAnswer :(C)27.MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that ____.(A) enhance gene expression by activating mRNA expression(B) silence gene expression by binding to mRNA to inhibit translation(C) modify gene expression by replacing specific nucleotides in mRNA(D) mediate DNA production in a reverse directionAnswer :(B)28.Which organelle is composed of an extensive network of membranous channels that connectsthe nuclear membrane, the Golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane?(A) the lysosome(B) the nucleolus(C) the centrioles(D) the endoplasmic reticulumAnswer :(D)29.The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is associated with ____.(A) lipid synthesis(B) protein synthesis

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(C) the calcium ion pump necessary for the contractile process(D) ribosomes and cytochrome P450 enzymesAnswer :(A)30.Which enzyme complex, used in metabolizing many drugs, is located on the rough endoplasmicreticulum in liver cells?(A) chromatins(B) lysozymes(C) cytochromes(D) polymerasesAnswer :(C)31.What structural body is made up of flattened cisternae flanked by tubular networks and thoughtto be an extension of the endoplasmic reticulum?(A) nucleus(B) cytoplasm(C) lysosome(D) Golgi apparatusAnswer :(D)32.The Golgi apparatus is prominent in neurons and secretory cells and functions ____.(A) to stop the synthesis of proteins that may need carbohydrate additions(B) to add polysaccharide or lipid moieties to polypeptides(C) only for constitutive secretion of proteins(D) only for regulated secretion of proteinsAnswer :(B)33.Which organelle prevents proteins that have not reached their normal tertiary or quaternarystructure from reaching the cell surface?(A) the endoplasmic reticulum(B) the Golgi apparatus

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(C) the nucleus(D) the mitochondrionAnswer :(A)34.The organelle that serves as the digestive system for the cell is the ____.(A) polysome(B) endosome(C) lysosome(D) ribosomeAnswer :(C)35.The organelle that detoxifies by oxidizing molecules such as hydrogen peroxide and ethanol isthe ____.(A) peroxisome(B) endosome(C) lysosome(D) ribosomeAnswer :(A)36.Destruction of which organelle(s) would cause the cell to cease to function due to a total loss ofenergy?(A) the nucleus(B) the Golgi apparatus(C) the ribosomes(D) the mitochondriaAnswer :(D)37.Digestive enzymes delivered to the small intestine from cells in the pancreas are able to leavethose cells because of the functioning of the ____.(A) endoplasmic reticulum(B) ribosomes

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(C) Golgi apparatus(D) lysosomesAnswer :(A)38.Damage to MTOCs will interfere with which cellular process?(A) oxidative phosphorylation(B) mitosis(C) electron transport(D) creation of an mRNA moleculeAnswer :(B)39.Molecular stimuli that bind specifically to receptors are known as ____.(A) ligands(B) enzymes(C) allosteric enzymes(D) hydrolasesAnswer :(A)40.Which are highly specialized membrane proteins that modify the cell's response to itsenvironment?(A) transport proteins(B) enzymes(C) receptors(D) peroxisomesAnswer :(A)41.Most receptor proteins are most likely which type?(A) peripheral proteins(B) internal proteins(C) integral proteins

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(D) glycoproteinsAnswer :(C)42.Cyclic AMP activates which enzymes?(A) protein kinases(B) restriction endonucleases(C) allosteric enzymes(D) adenyl (adenylyl) cyclasesAnswer :(A)43.Constitutive enzymes are ____.(A) uninfluenced by external stimuli(B) influenced by external stimuli(C) synthesized at variable rates(D) unaffected by inductionAnswer :(A)44.Substances that bind with allosteric sites and alter the activity of regulatory enzymes are called____.(A) transport proteins(B) modulators(C) Na pumps(D) sarcoplasmic reticulaAnswer :(B)45.Diagnostic enzymology focuses on ____.(A) enzymes that are widely distributed among many tissues(B) intracellular enzymes that express their activity in the blood abnormally due to a disease process(C) secreted enzymes such as clotting proteins in blood(D) nuclear enzymes

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Answer :(B)46.One trigger of apoptosis is ____.(A) overexpression of Bcl-2(B) inactivation ofCasp-9(C) swelling of the cell(D) release of mitochondrial cytochrome cAnswer :(D)47.Malformed Apaf-1 molecules in a cell might ____.(A) cause rapid apoptosis of the cell(B) inactivate cytochrome c(C) lead to the development of a tumor(D) have no effect on apoptosisAnswer :(C)48.What is released when nutrient molecules are oxidized?(A) oxygen(B) potential (or free) energy(C) kinetic energy(D) hydrogenAnswer :(B)49.In muscle cells, creatine phosphate is used to replenish which substance?(A) glucose(B) pyruvic acid(C) ATP(D) calciumAnswer :(C)

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50.Phosphorylation of a molecule is generally accomplished by transferring the terminal phosphategroup from which substance?(A) GTP(B) pyruvic acid(C) G6PD(D) ATPAnswer :(D)TRUEFALSE51.The plasma membrane is a sheet-like structure composed solely of lipids.(A) True(B) FalseAnswer :(B)52.The lipid bilayer determines the function of the plasma membrane, while the proteins areprimarily responsible for the structure of the membrane.(A) True(B) FalseAnswer :(B)53.The various components within a cell (e.g., mitochondria) are not "free-floating" in the cytosol,but rather, are held in place by the cytoskeleton.(A) True(B) FalseAnswer :(A)54.Peripheral proteins are involved in cell-cell recognition, whereas integral proteins functionprimarily as receptors/transporters.(A) True(B) FalseAnswer :(A)

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55.Different cells express different proteins because they contain different sequences of DNA in thenucleus.(A) True(B) FalseAnswer :(B)56.Polysomes function to transcribe mRNA into proteins.(A) True(B) FalseAnswer :(B)57.When discussing enzyme kinetics, Kmrefers to the substrate concentration at which the enzymeis saturated and functioning at maximal velocity.(A) True(B) FalseAnswer :(B)58.If two enzymes (e.g., pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase) compete for the samesubstrate (pyruvate), the one with the higher Kmhas less affinity and will be more active whenpyruvate concentrations are high.(A) True(B) FalseAnswer :(A)59.Most cellular reactions are irreversible because the same enzyme that catalyzes the conversioncannot catalyze the reverse reaction.(A) True(B) FalseAnswer :(B)60.Allosteric regulation of enzymes is carried out by modulators, other proteins that bind to theenzyme to inhibit its activity.(A) True

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(B) FalseAnswer :(B)61.Most of the metabolic energy produced in cells is made in the mitochondria.(A) True(B) FalseAnswer :(A)62.The nuclear envelope is a single membrane structure that helps to isolate the nucleus from therest of the cell.(A) True(B) FalseAnswer :(B)63.Transcription of DNA cannot be altered.(A) True(B) FalseAnswer :(B)64.An increase in the concentration of a substrate will increase the rate of the enzyme-catalyzedreaction.(A) True(B) FalseAnswer :(A)65.Oncosis results from cell injury and is associated with cellular swelling and swelling of themitochondrial nucleus.(A) True(B) FalseAnswer :(A)

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MATCH66.Enzyme Classification:Match the correct enzyme classification with the examples provided.MATCH67.Match each description to one of the following terms.SHORTANSWER68.List the three mechanisms that can be used to regulate the function of a protein (e.g., anenzyme) and briefly (in one to two sentences) describe their key features.Answer :Mechanism 1:Covalent modification—no change in the abundance of a protein. Here, preexisting protein is madeactive or inactive by covalently modifying it (involves making or breaking covalent bonds). Examplesinclude phosphorylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, or proenzyme activation by breaking a peptidebond.Answer :Mechanism 2: Allosteric regulation—here we also are not changing the abundance of theprotein (in this case an enzyme), but we are inhibiting or stimulating its activity—not by covalentlymodifying the protein, but by having something bind to it, resulting in a change in its conformationthat affects its enzymatic activity. What are these things that bind to enzymes to affect their activity?NOT other proteins or enzymes—they are typically substrates, intermediates, or products along thepathway in which the enzyme participates. The book calls them modulators. A good example isATP—ATP is the end point of a lot of pathways (glycolysis, TCA cycle) and as such, when it isabundant, that is a good sign that we have enough ATP/energy. Once the concentration of ATPreaches a certain level, it begins to bind some of the key enzymes in glycolysis and the TCA cycleand inhibits them. Why continue to make ATP if we have enough? Conversely, when ADP levels arehigher than ATP (a sign we need energy), ADP binds to these same enzymes, but the result is notinhibition of their activity, but rather ADP stimulates them to be more active (and thus make moreenergy). Then, when ATP levels begin to rise again... we’re back where this paragraph started.Answer :Mechanism 3: Induction—inducing a gene to be expressed, thereby ultimately resulting inan increase in the abundance of a protein. This is accomplished by increasing transcription and/ortranslation of the corresponding gene/mRNA. [By definition, induction means to increase abundance;writing "increase and/or decrease" would be incorrect.]Answer :[Note: For mechanism 1 or 3, the proteins we are talking about can be enzymes,transporters, and so forth. For 2, we are only talking about enzymes. Don’t let the term activeconfuse you—we use it mostly when we talk about enzymes, but an "active protein" means it iscarrying out its function, be it catalytic or transport or anything else. Also note that mechanisms 1and 2 are fast, whereas mechanism 3 is slower.]69.Briefly describe the role of DNA in cell replication and transcription.Answer :CellReplication:During cell division, DNA must be replicated into two daughter DNA molecules that areidentical to the parental DNA molecule. The DNA molecule unzips and each strand of the doublehelix becomes a template used to synthesize a new complementary strand. The new strand isproduced by the process of complementary base pairing. Nucleotide bases connect to the templateat their complementary bases and become connected by phosphate diester bonds through the actionof the enzyme DNA polymerase. In the end, two new DNA chains have joined with the two originalDNA templates to form two new DNA molecules.Answer :Transcription: This process uses the gene sequence in a DNA strand to direct for theproduction of specific proteins. The base sequence of one strand of DNA acts as a template for theproduction of a single strand of mRNA. The same single strand of DNA may direct for the creation of

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many different strands of mRNA which will leave the nucleus and bring the genetic code to theribosomes for protein production. Specific DNA codons (three bases in a row) act as either initiatorsof the production of mRNA or as terminators to specify the length of the mRNA strand.70.Choose three of the following terms and in one sentence per term, provide a concise definition ofthat term: nucleus, mitochondria, RER, transcription, translation, apoptosis, and cellreplication.Answer :The nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell and, because it contains almostall of the cell’s DNA, it regulates most cellular activities.Answer :Mitochondria are the organelles in virtually all cells that are responsible for the majorportion of energy (ATP) production, utilizing metabolic processes including the TCA cycle, β-oxidation, parts of gluconeogenesis, and the electron transport chain.Answer :The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes and is intimatelyinvolved in protein synthesis.Answer :Transcription is the nuclear process of copying one strand of DNA into a single-strandedmRNA and substituting the base uracil in place of thymine.Answer :Translation is the process by which the genetic information carried by a molecule ofmRNA becomes the sequence of amino acids in a protein.Answer :Apoptosis is programmed cell death brought about by several different mechanismsdesigned to regulate the number of cells in a tissue.Answer :Cell replication is the production of two daughter cells from a mother cell that includes thereplication of a single DNA strand into two identical daughter DNA strands (one in each new cell).71.Why is cholesterol important in plasma membrane function?Answer :The answer should includethe following items:72.Describe the cytoskeleton (microtrabecular lattice) and its role as an intercommunication systemof proteins and other macromolecules.Answer :The answer should include the following items:73.Define and describe diagnostic enzymology.Answer :Diagnostic enzymology studiesintracellular enzymes that, due to a problem within the cell, escape and act within the serum wherethey do not normally exist. The serum activity of these now displaced enzymes is measured, whichallows for a determination of the site and extent of the cellular damage. An accurate determinationof the site of the damage requires that the enzyme being measured must exhibit a high degree oforgan or tissue specificity.74.Describe the important implications of the high Km for glucokinase in terms of maintainingnormal blood glucose after a meal and during fasting.Answer :The answer should include thefollowing items:75.Describe the process of apoptosis in relation to the life span of the cell.Answer :The answershould include the following items:76.Describe the uphill-downhill concept.Answer :The answer should include the following items:77.Discuss the concept of coupled reactions in the transfer of energy.Answer :The answer shouldinclude the following items (note that students may provide other examples such as the coupling ofphosphocreatine to creatine with the formation of ATP from ADP):MULTICHOICE78.A researcher in the field of nutritional genomics isleastlikely to study ____.

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(A) the interactions among genes and bioactive components in food that change gene expressionwithout changing the DNA nucleotide sequence (nutritional epigenetics)(B) inborn changes in DNA nucleotide sequences or gene variants (nutrigenetics)(C) genetic alterations that can be compensated for by increasing or decreasing specific nutrients(nutrigenomics)(D) the interaction between genetically engineered enzymes and their substratesAnswer :(D)79.A common mutation in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme (MTHFR) ____.(A) prevents the individual from activating the B vitamin folate(B) has no effect on the activity of the enzyme(C) increases the activity of the enzyme(D) modifies the folate molecule directlyAnswer :(A)80.The primary mechanism by which gene expression is modified by bioactive factors in foodappears to be ____.(A) mutations causing cancer(B) interactions with transcription factors(C) production of SNPs(D) downregulation of translationAnswer :(B)81.What lifestyle change would be most important to individuals with a common variant in theGSTgene that impairs protection against toxins?(A) increasing levels of daily exercise(B) eating a low-fat diet(C) increasing ingestion of cruciferous vegetables(D) increasing intake of omega-3 fatsAnswer :(C)

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82.Which class of bioactive food components has the ability to get into the nucleus of cells and bindto DNA to influence gene expression?(A) lipophilic, small-molecular-weight molecules(B) glycoproteins(C) phospholipids(D) water-soluble vitaminsAnswer :(A)

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Chapter 02 The Digestive System Mechanism for Nourishingthe BodyMULTICHOICE1.Within the lamina propria, lying just below the epithelium, is the mucosa-associated lymphoidtissue (MALT), which ____.(A) controls secretions from the mucosal glands(B) contains white blood cells and protects against ingested microorganisms(C) initiates peristalsis(D) secretes mucus, hormones, and digestive juices into the lumenAnswer :(B)2.Which structural component of the gastrointestinal tract lies within the muscularis externa andcontrols the contractions that cause motility?(A) muscularis mucosae(B) submucosal plexus(C) myenteric plexus(D) lumenAnswer :(C)3.Which structure isnotconsidered an accessory organ?(A) pancreas(B) liver(C) gallbladder(D) spleenAnswer :(D)4.Bile is most important for the digestion and absorption of ____.(A) carbohydrates(B) proteins(C) fats

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(D) vitaminsAnswer :(C)5.A decrease in the function of the parotid glands is most likely to result in ____.(A) a lack of triglyceride digestion(B) bolus that is difficult to form(C) saliva that is too thin, that is, a high water to mucus ratio(D) diarrhea due to malabsorptionAnswer :(B)6.What is the name of the digestive enzyme in saliva that digests starch?(A) lipase(B) synthetase(C) amylase(D) lactaseAnswer :(C)7.Which substance isnota component of saliva?(A) mucus(B) enzymes(C) water(D) proteasesAnswer :(D)8.Endocrine cells of the pancreas are found in which structure?(A) the pancreatic duct(B) the islets of Langerhans(C) the sphincter of Oddi(D) the beta cellsAnswer :(B)

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9.Delayed gastric emptying is known as ____.(A) cholecystitis(B) cholelithiasis(C) gastritis(D) gastroparesisAnswer :(D)10.What product produced by neck cells in the oxyntic gland of the stomach protects the epitheliumfrom mechanical and chemical damage?(A) amylase(B) pepsin(C) gastrin(D) mucusAnswer :(D)11.Which cells, found both in the oxyntic glands and pyloric glands of the stomach, secretehydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?(A) neck cells(B) parietal cells(C) chief cells(D) enteroendocrine cellsAnswer :(B)12.Which cells, found in oxyntic glands in the body of the stomach, secrete pepsinogens?(A) neck cells(B) parietal cells(C) chief cells(D) enteroendocrine cellsAnswer :(C)13.Which specialized cell of the gastric epithelium secretes a hormone?

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(A) neck(B) parietal(C) chief(D) G-cellAnswer :(D)14.The chief cells secrete ____.(A) gastrin(B) mucus(C) zymogens(D) hydrochloric acidAnswer :(C)15.The parietal cells secrete ____.(A) hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor(B) intrinsic factor and gastrin(C) gastrin and zymogens(D) zymogens and hydrochloric acidAnswer :(A)16.Gastrin stimulates which cells?(A) oxyntic cells(B) parietal and chief cells(C) pancreatic exocrine cells(D) alpha cellsAnswer :(B)17.When the pH of the stomach is increased to avoid GERD, over time, the stomach may not beacidic enough. What is the most likely outcome?(A) lack of carbohydrate digestion

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(B) decreased protein digestion(C) destruction of bacteria in the stomach(D) gastric ulcerAnswer :(B)18.Which glycoproteins bind water and are gel-forming?(A) mucins(B) proteoglycans(C) prostaglandins(D) zymogensAnswer :(A)19.The product(s) of pepsin's action is/are ____.(A) disaccharides(B) amylose(C) short-chain fatty acids(D) hydrolyzed proteinsAnswer :(D)20.Pepcid, a drug that is classified as an H2receptor blocker, acts by ____.(A) inhibiting the secretion of hydrogen ions by the parietal cells(B) inhibiting the release of acetylcholine by the vagus nerve(C) inhibiting the binding of gastrin to the parietal cells(D) inhibiting the binding of histamine to the parietal cellsAnswer :(D)21.Which medication inhibits hydrogen release into the gastric juice, which reduces GI mucosalirritation?(A) Pepcid(B) Nexium

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(C) Tums(D) TagametAnswer :(B)22.Which process allows gastric expansion with food intake with minimal impact on intragastricpressure?(A) peristalsis(B) receptive relaxation(C) segmentation(D) pendular movementAnswer :(B)23.Pyloric glands are located predominantly ____.(A) at the juncture of the esophagus and the stomach(B) in the fundus and the body of the stomach(C) in the antrum of the stomach(D) in the cardiac portion of the stomachAnswer :(C)24.Which phrase best describes the function of the crypt of Lieberkühn?(A) mucus secretion(B) glucose oxidation(C) cellular differentiation(D) amylase secretionAnswer :(C)25.The pancreas is a digestive system accessory organ with two types of active tissue-the ductlessendocrine cells that secrete insulin and glucagon and the ____.(A) liver-like cells that produce bile(B) ductless absorptive tissue that controls bicarbonate(C) acinar exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes

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(D) erythropoietic cells that produce red blood cellsAnswer :(C)26.Pancreatic juice that enters the duodenum through the sphincter of Oddi contains all of thefollowing EXCEPT ____.(A) digestive enzymes(B) intrinsic factor(C) anions such as bicarbonate and chloride(D) cations such as sodium, potassium, and calciumAnswer :(B)27.In which part of the brain is the swallowing center located?(A) the hypothalamus(B) the medulla oblongata(C) the thalamus(D) the ponsAnswer :(B)28.In which organ are enzymes produced that are responsible for digestion of 50 percent ofcarbohydrate and protein and 90 percent of fat?(A) liver(B) esophagus(C) pancreas(D) gallbladderAnswer :(C)29.Which hormone's major action is to alkalize intestinal contents by stimulating secretion ofbicarbonate from the pancreas and by inhibiting gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying?(A) gastrin(B) secretin(C) cholecystokinin

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(D) GRPAnswer :(B)30.Dumping syndrome may be caused by ____.(A) bacterial infections(B) viral infections(C) partial removal of the stomach to treat obesity(D) gall stonesAnswer :(C)31.The hormone primarily responsible for contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into theduodenum is ____.(A) gastrin(B) secretin(C) cholecystokinin(D) GRPAnswer :(C)32.Bile salts are synthesized from cholesterol in the ____.(A) canaliculi(B) common bile duct(C) hepatocytes(D) gallbladderAnswer :(C)33.The surface coat of microvilli is known as ____.(A) the glycocalyx(B) the crypts of Lieberkühn(C) motilin(D) proteases

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Answer :(A)34.The total bile acid pool in the human body is 2.5 to 5 g. What percentage of bile is reabsorbed inthe distal ileum?(A) 10 percent(B) 30 percent(C) 65 percent(D) 90 percentAnswer :(D)35.A large gall stone blocking the cystic duct might result in ____.(A) a reduction in the production of bile by the liver(B) an increase in bile production by the liver(C) enhancement of fat digestion(D) interference with fat digestionAnswer :(D)36.Which substance is enterohepatically circulated?(A) pancreatic enzymes(B) bile(C) glucose(D) CCKAnswer :(B)37.In general, in which portion of the gastrointestinal tract does most absorption occur?(A) esophagus(B) stomach(C) small intestine(D) colonAnswer :(C)

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38.A common cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is the bacterium ____.(A)Escherichia coli(B)Helicobacter pylori(C)Staphylococcus aureus(D)Enterobacter aerogenesAnswer :(B)39.Which structure helps to prevent the migration of bacteria from the large intestine back into thesmall intestine?(A) the cecum(B) the appendix(C) the ileocecal valve(D) the ileumAnswer :(C)40.Which hormone(s) is/are responsible for decreasing sodium absorption in the colon?(A) glucocorticoids(B) mineralocorticoids(C) vasopressin(D) glucagonAnswer :(C)41.Which division of the nervous system decreases digestive tract motility and secretions?(A) parasympathetic(B) somatic(C) adrenergic(D) sympatheticAnswer :(D)42.Which hormone diminishes gastric acid secretion?

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(A) somatostatin(B) gastrin(C) cholecystokinin(D) pancreatic polypeptideAnswer :(A)43.Which hormone stimulates gall bladder contraction?(A) motilin(B) gastrin(C) cholecystokinin(D) secretinAnswer :(C)44.A deficiency in secretion of cholecystokinin might lead to which problem?(A) a reduction in gastric acid production(B) difficulty digesting fats(C) difficulty digesting proteins(D) a buildup of intestinal gasAnswer :(B)45.When diagnosing lactose intolerance, ____ is measured in the breath following oral consumptionof 50 g lactose.(A) methane(B) hydrogen(C) carbon dioxide(D) sulfurAnswer :(B)46.Lactose intolerance isleastcommon in _____.(A) European Americans

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