Test Bank for Crime Control In America: What Works, 4th Edition

Name: Test Bank for Crime Control In America: What Works, 4th Edition
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Author: Sophia Johnson

Get ready for the exam with Test Bank for Crime Control In America: What Works, 4th Edition, a resourceful guide featuring solved test questions for practice.

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Contents
Testbank
Chapter 1 Identifying and Evaluating Crime Control………………………………….……. 69
Chapter 2 Crime Control Perspectives……………………………………………………… 85
Chapter 3 Traditional Policing…………………………………………………………...… 99
Chapter 4 Proactive Policing, Directed Patrol, and Other Advancements………………......113
Chapter 5 Community Involvement in Policing………………………………………...… . 127
Chapter 6 Prosecutors and Crime Control……………………………………………..…... 142
Chapter 7 Crime Control through Legislation……...……………………………………... 157
Chapter 8 Crime Control in the Courts and Beyond.…………………………………........ 172
Chapter 9 Sentencing…………………………………………………………………........ 187
Chapter 10 Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions.………………………………. 202
Chapter 11 Rehabilitation, Treatment, and Job Training………………………………..… 217
Chapter 12 Individual, Family, and Household Crime Control…………………………... . 231
Chapter 13 Crime Control in the Community and in Schools…………………………….. 245
Chapter 14 Reducing Criminal Opportunities Through Environmental Manipulation…… 259
Chapter 15: Putting it all Together and Explaining Crime Trends…………………...… … 273

69
Textbank
Chapter 1 Identifying and Evaluating Crime Control
1.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which of the following crimes causes the greatest fear in the minds of most Americans?
A) white-collar crimes
B) violent crimes
C) property crimes
D) morality crimes
Answer: B
Page Ref: 4
Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.
Level: Intermediate
2) Quantitative research typically involves ________.
A) a conclusive legislative change in a law
B) descriptive and in-depth research on a specific group or location
C) diffusing salient issues between researchers
D) less detailed research on a large number of cases
Answer: D
Page Ref: 16
Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem.
Level: Intermediate
3) Who signed the Patriot Act into law following the events of September 11th?
A) President Clinton
B) Supreme Court Justice O'Connor
C) President Bush
D) Senator Ted Kennedy
Answer: C
Page Ref: 9
Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem.
Level: Basic

70
4) The Elusive Criminal Justice Experiment means that ________.
A) a true classical experiment is hard to create in some areas of crime control
B) legislators are highly effective in creating social policy to eliminate crime
C) social phenomena such as crime is relatively simple to measure and thus produces a
concrete field for study
D) criminologists lack the expertise to properly identify and study a macro-level crime
problem
Answer: A
Page Ref: 14
Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative.
Level: Difficult
5) Crime control policies that push crime into other neighborhoods is a problem known as
________.
A) diffusion
B) displacement
C) redirection
D) confusion
Answer: B
Page Ref: 17
Objective: Define displacement and diffusion.
Level: Basic
6) Which of the following terms denotes researchers who have an interest in receiving funding
to research a hot topic?
A) bandwagon science
B) original research
C) academic crusader
D) cross-sectional researcher
Answer: A
Page Ref: 21
Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities.
Level: Basic

71
7) Targeting low-level crimes, such as street-level drug dealing and prostitution, in an effort
to deter more serious crime is known as the ________.
A) fractured society theory
B) fragmented circle theory
C) broken windows theory
D) collapsed neighborhood theory
Answer: C
Page Ref: 4
Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.
Level: Basic
8) A private foundation supplying a criminal justice agency with funding is providing
________.
A) solution funding
B) soft money
C) hard money
D) research shortage funding
Answer: B
Page Ref: 20
Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities.
Level: Intermediate
9) Which type of science would evaluate the DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education)
program?
A) soft sciences
B) determinate sciences
C) hard sciences
D) indeterminate sciences
Answer: A
Page Ref: 14
Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate.
Level: Basic
10) A method used to determine whether an approach to the crime problem is a success or
failure is called ________.
A) process evaluation
B) learning outcomes
C) methodology analysis
D) outcome evaluation
Answer: D
Page Ref: 13
Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic.
Level: Basic

72
11) Micro-level crime control is ________.
A) one that affects many people
B) concerned with large numbers of individuals
C) more isolated geographically
D) seen as affecting an entire state or nation
Answer: C
Page Ref: 16
Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic.
Level: Intermediate
12) Which of the following is not a type of displacement?
A) spatial
B) vector
C) tactical
D) target
Answer: B
Page Ref: 17
Objective: Define displacement and diffusion.
Level: Intermediate
13) Science used by someone to advance his or her own political priorities is known as a(n)
________.
A) academic attention getter
B) academic lobbyist
C) academic crusade.
D) academic bias
Answer: C
Page Ref: 21
Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities.
Level: Basic
14) A person who evades paying taxes is committing what type of crime?
A) white-collar crime
B) violent crime
C) property crime
D) morality crime
Answer: A
Page Ref: 4
Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate.
Level: Intermediate

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73
15) Determining whether the addition of more patrol officers reduces crime in a specific beat or
precinct, is an example of ________.
A) input
B) output
C) evaluation.
D) summation
Answer: C
Page Ref: 13
Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic.
Level: Intermediate
16) Which of the following seeks to use the most rigorous scientific methodology available to
identify and implement crime control techniques that are most likely to make best use of
taxpayer monies?
A) bandwagon science
B) methodology analysis
C) evidence-based justice
D) hard checks
Answer: C
Page Ref: 22
Objective: Summarize the concept of evidence-based justice.
Level: Intermediate
17) There is a great deal that we can do to effectively control crime, and the odds are that
________ will do the most to make society safer.
A) vigilante forces
B) several approaches combined together
C) one main approach
D) tunnel vision
Answer: B
Page Ref: 22
Objective: Summarize the concept of evidence-based justice.
Level: Difficult
18) What type of legislation is intended to both prevent and control crime?
A) preventative
B) malicious
C) Robert's
D) three-strikes
Answer: D
Page Ref: 2
Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention.
Level: Basic

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74
19) If someone surveys several people today and finds that there is a relationship between fear
of crime and prior victimization, this is a ________.
A) cross-sectional design
B) correlative quotient
C) cognitive design
D) quotient design
Answer: A
Page Ref: 20
Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem.
Level: Intermediate
20) The ________ is concerned with the extent to which a researcher's findings can be carried
over to another location or series of locations.
A) cross-sectional design
B) methodology analysis
C) generalization problem
D) bandwagon approach
Answer: C
Page Ref: 19
Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative.
Level: Basic
1.2 True/False Questions
1) The mass media heightens people's fear of crime.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 8
Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.
Level: Basic
2) As crime rates decline, people tend to express less fear of being a crime victim.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 8
Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.
Level: Intermediate

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75
3) Public order crimes such as prostitution, pornography, gambling and substance abuse are
called vice crimes.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 4
Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate.
Level: Basic
4) Tax evasion is a white-collar crime.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 4
Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate.
Level: Basic
5) Criminology is called a hard science.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 14
Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic.
Level: Intermediate
6) Longitudinal studies take place at a single point in time.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 20
Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative.
Level: Intermediate
7) An academic crusade involves the practice of convincing others that one approach to crime
control is superior to another.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 21
Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem.
Level: Intermediate
8) Decriminalization expands the number of activities that are defined as criminal.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 4
Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention.
Level: Intermediate

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76
9) Three-strikes legislation is solely intended to control crime and not to prevent it.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 2
Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention.
Level: Basic
10) Crime reduction policies can cause criminal activity to be displaced.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 17
Objective: Define displacement and diffusion.
Level: Basic
11) Targeting low-level crimes, such as street-level drug dealing and prostitution, in an effort to
deter more serious crime is known as the Broken Windows Theory.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 4
Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.
Level: Basic
12) Determining whether the addition of more patrol officers reduces crime in a specific beat or
precinct, is an example of evaluation.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 13
Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic.
Level: Basic
13) Violent crimes cause the greatest fear in the minds of most Americans.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 3
Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.
Level: Intermediate
14) The Generalization Problem is concerned with the extent to which a researcher's findings
can be carried over to another location or series of locations.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 19
Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative.
Level: Basic
15) Hard science would evaluate the DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) program.

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77
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 14
Objective: Summarize the importance of definitions in the crime control debate.
Level: Basic
1.3 Short Answer Questions
1) ________ law constitutes the "bread and butter" of crime control.
Answer: Criminal
Page Ref: 9
Objective: Distinguish between crime control and prevention.
Level: Difficult
2) ________ research involves number crunching and statistical analysis of data.
Answer: Quantitative
Page Ref: 16
Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem.
Level: Difficult
3) ________ can drive crime problems into neighboring areas.
Answer: Displacement
Page Ref: 17
Objective: Define displacement and diffusion.
Level: Intermediate
4) ________ knowledge can be considered tentative, because researchers use different
measures to represent the same phenomenon.
Answer: Scientific
Page Ref: 18
Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative.
Level: Intermediate
5) The funding of a police agency through the appropriations process is termed ________
Money.
Answer: Hard
Page Ref: 20
Objective: Explain how resources and political ideologies guide crime control priorities.
Level: Intermediate

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78
6) A researcher following the same group over a long period of time is conducting ________
research.
Answer: longitudinal
Page Ref: 20
Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic.
Level: Intermediate
7) ________ is a problem concerned with the extent to which researchers' findings can be
carried over to a series of locations.
Answer: Generalization
Page Ref: 19
Objective: Explain why scientific knowledge is tentative.
Level: Intermediate
8) ________ sectional research is a study that takes place at a single point in time.
Answer: Cross
Page Ref: 20
Objective: Discuss what crime control evaluations are problematic.
Level: Intermediate
9) White-collar crime is ill defined but generally consists of crimes committed by people
during the course of their ________ careers.
Answer: professional
Page Ref: 4
Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.
Level: Intermediate
10) ________ distribution of crime is concerned with crime patterns over time.
Answer: Temporal
Page Ref: 5
Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.
Level: Intermediate

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79
1.4 Matching Questions
Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
A) A high level of fear with a correspondingly low likelihood of victimization.
B) A method of determining whether a program or policy is operating as it should be.
C) A method of determining whether some form of social action is a success or a failure.
D) That which is likely to be affected by the solution.
1) Victimization paradox
Level: Basic
2) Outcome (crime control)
Level: Basic
3) Outcome evaluation
Level: Basic
4) Process evaluation
Level: Basic
Answers: 1) A 2) D 3) C 4) B
Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
A) The social sciences fields that focus on the study of social phenomena in their natural
settings.
B) A largely exploratory method of inquiry characterized by in-depth research on a specific
location or group of subjects.
C) Scientific fields of study characterized by research that is usually conducted in tightly
controlled laboratory settings.
D) The gold standard for scientific research, a study that includes (1) a treatment group and
a control group, (2) a pretest and a posttest, and (3) a controlled intervention.
5) Soft sciences
Level: Basic
`

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80
6) Hard sciences
Level: Basic
7) Classical experiment
Level: Basic
8) Qualitative research
Level: Basic
Answers: 5) A 6) C 7) D 8) B
Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
A) The spillover or movement of crime (in the case of crime control) into a surrounding
area not targeted by the intervention in question.
B) A method of inquiry characterized by the analysis of numerical data designed to
represent concepts of interest.
C) Consists of approaches to the crime problem that are more isolated geographically.
D) Consists of approaches to the crime problem that are intended to have a dramatic and
desirable effect on crime in an entire neighborhood, city, or state or even across the
nation.
9) Quantitative research
Level: Basic
10) Macro-level crime control
Level: Basic
11) Micro-level crime control
Level: Basic
12) Displacement
Level: Basic
Answers: 9) B 10) D 11) C 12) A

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81
1.5 Essay Questions
1) Explain what is meant by the term victimization paradox and describe its consequences.
Answer: The term victimization paradox suggests that most people's fear of being the
victim of a violent crime is far greater than the actual likelihood of being victimized.
Research has shown that although women and the elderly are least likely to be crime
victims, their fear of crime remains relatively high. Unfortunately, the fear of crime can have
negative consequences upon one's quality of life. Excessive fear causes people to withdraw
from normal everyday interaction within the community they reside. Additionally, fear
discourages business development and can contribute to the deterioration of neighborhoods.
Page Ref: 8-9
Objective: Discuss the dimensions of the crime problem in America.
Level: Intermediate
2) Define the term displacement and provide some examples of the various types.
Answer: Research has suggested that even when crime control policy leads to a short-term
reduction in crime, the policy might in fact be displacing the problem to another
neighborhood. Not only can criminal activity be pushed from one neighborhood to another,
displacement can cause a variety of other possible outcomes. These other outcomes might
include temporal displacement, which causes a criminal to change the time of day that they
plan to execute a crime. Another outcome of displacement might be tactical, wherein a
criminal acquires a new method of operation for the purpose of committing a crime.
Sometimes displacement causes offenders to select new property or persons to victimize.
This is known as target displacement. Another form of displacement can result when
criminals are arrested and new offenders replace them, committing similar offences known
as perpetrator displacement.
Page Ref: 17
Objective: Define displacement and diffusion.
Level: Intermediate

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82
3) Describe the elements of a classical experiment and explain why it is not commonly used in
the field of criminal justice.
Answer: The classical experiment consists of three distinct elements. These elements
include: a) a treatment group and a control group, b) a pretest and a posttest, and c) a
controlled intervention. The treatment group is the one that will receive an intervention. The
control group is the one that does not get exposed to the intervention. In other words, this
group will conduct "business as usual". Next the pretest and posttest are measured before
and after the intervention. Finally, a controlled intervention is administered by the
researcher. Due to the inherent limitations in the social sciences, classical experiments are
rare in criminal justice. Many times the difficulties associated with the classical experiment
are too dangerous to be carried out. More specifically, death, injury, or even psychological
coercion may create too dangerous of an environment for experimentation. Studying the
social phenomena of crime is a very challenging and complex task.
Page Ref: 14
Objective: Explain various approaches to the crime problem.
Level: Intermediate

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