Test Bank For Philosophy: A Text with Readings, 13th Edition

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True / False1. Philosophy begins with wonder.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:12. Perictione suggests that philosophy is ultimately a search for an understanding of why we and our universe are here.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:13. Socrates held that the gods agreed on what is holy.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalsePOINTS:14. Crito was unwilling to help Socrates escape from jail.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalsePOINTS:15. When people talk about getting along, they generally mean satisfying their maintenance needs.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:16. Plato tells the Allegory of the Cave in theRepublic.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:1Page1Name:Class:Date:Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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7. Holbach was a determinist.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:18.The list of topics on which we can philosophize is strictly limited.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalsePOINTS:19.To evaluate a philosopher's claim we need to identify the premises and conclusion of his or her argument.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:110.In assessing an argument we need only look at its logical form.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalsePOINTS:1Multiple Choice11. What is the goal of philosophy?a. Autonomyb. Angstc. Authorityd. AmbivalenceANSWER:aPOINTS:1Page2Name:Class:Date:Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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12. Who wrote of the Allegory of the Cave?a. Platob. Aristotlec. Gygesd. EpicurusANSWER:aPOINTS:113. Epistemology literally meansa. the study of knowledge.b. the study of the reality.c. the study of whether humans are free or unfree.d. the study of morality.ANSWER:aPOINTS:114. Gail Stenstad is aa. Greek theologian.b. Platonic philosopher.c. Feminist philosopher.d. Religious theologian.ANSWER:cPOINTS:115. Karma means literallya. action.b. movement.c. rightness.d. fate.ANSWER:aPOINTS:116. The idea of karma can combinea. rightness and wrongness.b. determinism and freedom.c. the whole and the part.d. life and death.ANSWER:bPOINTS:1Page3Name:Class:Date:Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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17. Who said that whatever the gods love is holy?a. Socratesb. Platoc. Euripidesd. EuthyphroANSWER:dPOINTS:118. According to whom does philosophical knowledge free us from the cycle of birth, suffering, death, and rebirth?a. Platob. Aristotlec. Krishnad. BuddhaANSWER:dPOINTS:119. What does philosophy literally mean?a. Love of knowledgeb. Love of naturec. Love of wisdomd. Love of lifeANSWER:cPOINTS:120. The view of philosophy as the activity of examining our assumptions and beliefs about ourselves and the universearound us was expressed bya. Plato.b. Perictione.c. Aristotle.d. Buddha.ANSWER:bPOINTS:1Page4Name:Class:Date:Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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21. What philosopher argues for determinism, the view that all things and all human beings are unfree?a. Paul Henri d'Holbachb. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnanc. Viktor Frankld. PlatoANSWER:aPOINTS:122. What philosopher argued that service toward others is our primary moral duty?a. Aristotleb. Mahatma Gandhic. Platod. Harry BrowneANSWER:bPOINTS:123. What subfield of philosophy is concerned with moral values and moral principles?a. Theologyb. Ethicsc. Metaphysicsd. EpistemologyANSWER:bPOINTS:124. What subfield of philosophy is concerned with the ultimate characteristics of reality or existence?a. Epistemologyb. Axiologyc. Metaphysicsd. ScienceANSWER:cPOINTS:125.What does philosophy begin with?a.Wonderb.Despairc.Confusiond.AutonomyANSWER:aPOINTS:1Page5Name:Class:Date:Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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26.Philosophy is the love and pursuit ofa.pleasure.b.wisdom.c.wonder.d.angst.ANSWER:bPOINTS:127.The Allegory of the Cave does not suggest that philosophy is an activitya.that has the aim of freedom.b.that examines the most basic assumptions of human existence.c.that is fruitless.d.that is difficult.ANSWER:cPOINTS:128.Perictione saw philosophy as a search fora.understanding.b.pleasure.c.equity.d.love.ANSWER:aPOINTS:129.When we philosophize we are always engaged ina.doubting.b.sensing.c.a fruitful endeavor.d.reasoning.ANSWER:dPOINTS:130.Good reasoning is a key not only to philosophy, but toa.success in getting what you want out of life.b.generating anxiety.c.generating doubt.d. failure to live a proper human life.ANSWER:aPOINTS:1Page6Name:Class:Date:Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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Completion31. ____________________ means "the study of knowledge."ANSWER:EpistemologyPOINTS:132. ____________________ is the view that all things and all human beings are unfree because everything thathappens does so in accordance with some law.ANSWER:DeterminismPOINTS:133. ____________________ is the study of the most general characteristics of reality.ANSWER:MetaphysicsPOINTS:134. ____________________ is the study of morality.ANSWER:EthicsPOINTS:135. Socrates claimed that he had a(n) ____________________ to obey the law.ANSWER:obligationPOINTS:136. Genevieve Lloyd is a(n) ____________________ philosopher.ANSWER:feministPOINTS:137. The freedom of being able to decide for yourself what you will believe is called ____________________.ANSWER:autonomyPOINTS:138.Gail Stenstad calls the male approach to knowledge __________ thinking.ANSWER:theoreticalPOINTS:139.There is usually something wrong with philosophical claims that are _________ or ambiguous.ANSWER:vaguePOINTS:1Page7Name:Class:Date:Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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40.A claim together with its supporting reasons is called an _________.ANSWER:argumentPOINTS:1Essay41.What is Plato's Myth of the Cave, and how does it illustrate the challenges and advantages associated withphilosophy?ANSWER:Answers may vary.POINTS:142.Do you think that we have an obligation to obey the law? What if the law is unjust? Would we still have an obligationto obey it? Or would we instead say that the law in question was not properly a law, since it was unjust? What doyour answers to these questions tell you about (a) your views concerning the nature of law; (b) your viewsconcerning the nature of obligation?ANSWER:Answers may vary.POINTS:143.Do you agree with Harry Browne that ethics is just a sham? Why, or why not?ANSWER:Answers may vary.POINTS:144.After reading this chapter do you believe that philosophy is a discipline with a distinct subject-matter, like physics is,for example, or do you believe that it consists more of a set of techniques? Explain and illustrate your answer.ANSWER:Answers may vary.POINTS:145.Would you prefer to be happy and ignorant, or unhappy, yet wise? Explain your answer.ANSWER:Answers may vary.POINTS:1Page8Name:Class:Date:Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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True / False1. Freud wroteCivilization and Its Discontents.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:12. Hobbes believed that humans were altruistic.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalsePOINTS:13. J. J. C. Smart argued that states of consciousness are identical with states of the brain.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:14. Aristotle held that all living things have a purpose.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:15. Aristotle claimed that barbarians could be enslaved by Greeks.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:16. Augustine did not believe that humans have wills.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalsePOINTS:1Page1Name:Class:Date:Chapter 2—Human Nature

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7. Existentialism emphasizes the free and conscious individual.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:18. In behaviorism, our consciousness seems to have disappeared.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:19. Bad faith, according to Jean-Paul Sartre, is deceiving ourselves by pretending we are free.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalsePOINTS:110.Freud claimed that humans are selfish.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:1Multiple Choice11. Who said that men possess "a powerful measure of desire for aggressiveness"?a. Sigmund Freudb. Socratesc. Platod. Jeremy BenthamANSWER:aPOINTS:1Page2Name:Class:Date:Chapter 2—Human Nature

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12. The view that "all humans have a rational spiritual self that is distinct from its body" is thea. Buddhist viewb. Rational Viewc. Traditional Viewd. Hindu ViewANSWER:cPOINTS:113. What, for Plato, was an eternal and perfect ideal that existed in an unchanging heaven?a. Formsb. Soulsc. Reasond. SpiritANSWER:aPOINTS:114. Who proposed the idea of natural selection?a. Charles Darwinb. Charles Taylorc. Plotinusd. PlatoANSWER:aPOINTS:115. The view that humans are whatever they make themselves is termeda. Darwinismb. Buddhismc. Existentialismd. PlatonismANSWER:cPOINTS:116. J.J. C. Smart endorsed what theory of human nature?a. Identity theoryb. Coextension theoryc. The Traditional Viewd. The Existential ViewANSWER:aPOINTS:1Page3Name:Class:Date:Chapter 2—Human Nature

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17. The philosopher who believed that who you are depends on your relationships to others is:a. Hegelb. Platoc. Taylord. SartreANSWER:aPOINTS:118. The philosophical view that human beings act only out of self-interest is calleda. natural selectionb. psychological egoismc. altruismd. existentialismANSWER:bPOINTS:119. What philosopher argued that humans act only out of self-interest and are material bodies?a. Thomas Hobbesb. Mark Mercerc. Sigmund Freudd. AristotleANSWER:aPOINTS:120. What contemporary American philosopher argued that behind every action we perform is a "self-regarding end"?a. Mark Mercerb. Sigmund Freudc. Jean Paul-Sartred. Garrett J. DeWeeseANSWER:aPOINTS:121. An argument that is both valid and has true premises is called a(n) ____ argument.a. inductiveb. rationalc. soundd. reasonableANSWER:cPOINTS:1Page4Name:Class:Date:Chapter 2—Human Nature

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22. All that a valid deductive argument guarantees is that if its premises are true, then the conclusion has to be ____.a. falseb. validc. soundd. trueANSWER:dPOINTS:123. An argument whose conclusion necessarily has to be true if the premises are true isa. deductiveb. inductivec.inconclusived.verifiableANSWER:aPOINTS:124. An argument that is supposed to show that its conclusion is probably true if its premises are true is calleda. deductiveb. inductivec. soundd. validANSWER:bPOINTS:125. What view of human nature claims that all humans have a rational spiritual self that is distinct from the materialbody, has a purpose, endures over time and exists as a separate individual?a. Traditional Western Viewb. Traditional Eastern Viewc. Modern Eastern Viewd. Postmodern Western ViewANSWER:aPOINTS:1Page5Name:Class:Date:Chapter 2—Human Nature

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26. What philosopher argues that our ability to reason is the characteristic that sets the human self apart from all othercreatures of nature?a. Platob. Aristotlec. Saint Augustined. Charles DarwinANSWER:bPOINTS:127. What philosopher argued that our individual identity depends on relationships with others, such that who we arecannot be separated from our relationship with others?a. Aristotleb. Hegelc. Platod. George MavrodesANSWER:bPOINTS:128. An inference to the best explanation is a(n)a. deductive argument.b. valid argument.c. sound argument.d. inductive argument.ANSWER:dPOINTS:129. An inference to the best explanation can bea. either weak or strong.b. valid.c. invalid.d. sound.ANSWER:aPOINTS:1Page6Name:Class:Date:Chapter 2—Human Nature

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30. ____ says there is no universal human nature, no rational human nature, no purpose for human nature.a. Aristotleb. Jean-Paul Sartrec. Platod. Genevieve LloydANSWER:bPOINTS:131. What philosopher argued that humans are made up of dual substances, a material body and an immaterial mind?a. Aristotleb. Jean-Paul Sartrec. Rene Descartesd. Genevieve LloydANSWER:cPOINTS:132. What philosopher argued that the mind could be reduced to the physical actions of the material body?a. Thomas Hobbesb. Rene Descartesc. Gottfried Leibnizd. Nicolas MalebrancheANSWER:aPOINTS:133.Hobbes believed that everything in the Universe wasa.corporeal.b.spiritual.c.unchanging.d.endless.ANSWER:aPOINTS:134.How many parts of human nature did Plato believe there were?a.Twob.Threec.Fourd.FiveANSWER:bPOINTS:1Page7Name:Class:Date:Chapter 2—Human Nature

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35.Who used the image of a charioteer with two winged horses?a.Smartb.Aristotlec.Sartred.PlatoANSWER:dPOINTS:1Completion36. According to Plato, humans can control their appetites and aggressive impulses through the use of their____________________.ANSWER:reasonPOINTS:137. Over thousands of years the process of ____________________ ____________________ can make a specieschange into a new species.ANSWER:natural selectionPOINTS:138. ____________________ is the view that humans are made up of two substances.ANSWER:DualismPOINTS:139. The view that processes such as thought and life are really nothing more than physical and chemical processes iscalled ____________________.ANSWER:reductionismPOINTS:140. One version of ____________________ is the identity theory of the mind.ANSWER:materialismPOINTS:141. Behaviorism began as a school of ____________________ that restricted the study of humans to what could beobserved.ANSWER:psychologyPOINTS:1Page8Name:Class:Date:Chapter 2—Human Nature

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42. ____________________ is the view that we should explain mental states in terms of perceptual inputs andbehavioral outputs.ANSWER:FunctionalismPOINTS:143. Siddhartha Gautama was the founder of ____________________.ANSWER:BuddhismPOINTS:144. ____________________ argued that a person's culture is the mirror through which society shows her who andwhat she is.ANSWER:HegelPOINTS:145. Descartes' view of human nature says that humans are ____________________ minds with____________________ bodies.ANSWER:immaterial, materialPOINTS:1Essay46. What is "psychological egoism"? Do you find it a compelling view of human nature? Why, or why not?ANSWER:Answer not provided.POINTS:147. Do you think that humans have a different moral status than other animals? Why? If your view is that they havecertain properties that other animals lack, do all humans have these properties? If not, do those that lack them lackthe moral status that you ascribe to humans? If your view is that humans matter morally because they arehuman why does being human count for so much?ANSWER:Answer not provided.POINTS:148. If we are genetically inclined to be selfish, does this justify our selfishness or merely explain it? Explain your answer.ANSWER:Answer not provided.POINTS:149. Do you believe that there is a "you" to whom this question is addressed? Explain your answer.ANSWER:Answer not provided.POINTS:1Page9Name:Class:Date:Chapter 2—Human Nature

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50.Do you agree with the existentialists that humans are what they make of themselves? Why, or why not? What mightthe practical consequences of accepting the existentialist view be for (a) your own life, (b) social policy? Explainyour answer.ANSWER:Answer not provided.POINTS:1Page10Name:Class:Date:Chapter 2—Human Nature

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True / False1. St. Augustine found it difficult to believe that spirits were real.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalsePOINTS:12. The Charvaka philosophers were spiritualists.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalsePOINTS:13. Hobbes believed that there was more to the Universe than measureable mater.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalsePOINTS:14. Hobbes believed that our mental states are states of our brain.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:15. The neutrino has no mass, no electric charge, and no magnetic field.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:16. Vasubandhu claimed that we directly perceive the objects in the world around us.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalsePOINTS:1Page1Name:Class:Date:Chapter 3—Reality and Being

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7. Dewey believed that philosophy arose out of people's struggles to deal with social and political problems.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:18. Charles S. Pierce was concerned with the psychological effects of ideas.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalsePOINTS:19. Newton believed that all material bodies in the universe were governed by universal laws of nature.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TruePOINTS:1Multiple Choice10. Who was also known as the Lokyata?a. The Buddhistsb. The Hindusc. The Carvakasd. The AugustiniansANSWER:cPOINTS:111. Hobbes believed thata. Only matter is realb. Only spirit is realc. The world is composed of both matter and spiritd. The world cannot be knownANSWER:aPOINTS:1Page2Name:Class:Date:Chapter 3—Reality and Being

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12. The view that whatever I perceive is merely one of my perceptions or a collection of them is known asa. Subjective idealismb. Objective idealismc. Subjective materialismd. Objective materialismANSWER:aPOINTS:113. Which pragmatist was concerned with the logical implications of ideas?a. John Deweyb. C. S. Piercec. William Jamesd. Elmer SpragueANSWER:bPOINTS:114. A. J. Ayer believed that there were only two kinds of meaningful statements:a. Relations of ideas and statements of factb. Relations of ideas and tautologiesc. Empirical hypotheses and statements of factd. Relations of fact and statements of ideasANSWER:aPOINTS:115. Which view is the heir of pragmatism and idealism?a. Materialismb. Irrealismc. Antirealismd. ImmaterialismANSWER:cPOINTS:116. Sartre endorsesa. Libertarianismb. Determinismc. LaPlacianismd. PsychologismANSWER:aPOINTS:1Page3Name:Class:Date:Chapter 3—Reality and Being

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17. Thomas Hobbes endorsesa. Libertarianismb. Compatibilismc. Determinismd. ExistentialismANSWER:bPOINTS:118. For what philosopher(s) does reality contain every possible kind of being, from the "lowest" kind of inert matter to the"highest" kind of spirit?a. Thomas Hobbesb. Karl Marxc. Saint Augustined. Charvaka Philosophers of IndiaANSWER:cPOINTS:119. What philosopher argued that reality can be explained in terms of the smallest pieces of matter he called atoms?a. Aristotleb. Platoc. Saint Augustined. DemocritusANSWER:dPOINTS:120. What philosopher, in his bookMan a Machine, argued that humans are nothing more than complex machines?a. Karl Marxb. Democritusc. Julien Offray de La Mettried. VasubandhuANSWER:cPOINTS:1Page4Name:Class:Date:Chapter 3—Reality and Being

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21. An unusual aspect of consciousness is that it must have an object. This feature of consciousness is calleda. subjectivity.b. intensionality.c. spatiality.d. awareness.ANSWER:bPOINTS:122. What contemporary Canadian philosopher argues that all the things in the universe are thoughts in the mind of God?a. John Leslieb. John Rawlsc. Josiah Royced. F. H. BradleyANSWER:aPOINTS:123. The attribution of human thoughts and emotions onto the nonhuman universe is the fallacy ofa. equivocationb. compositionc. anthropomorphismd. wishful thinkingANSWER:cPOINTS:124. The philosophical view that interprets an idea in terms of its practical consequences and asks what difference itwould make if it were true is calleda. materialism.b. idealism.c. pragmatism.d. logical positivism.ANSWER:cPOINTS:1Page5Name:Class:Date:Chapter 3—Reality and Being

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25. The statement, "All bachelors are unmarried." is a(n)a. analytical statement.b. synthetic statement.c. meaningless statement.d. empirical statement.ANSWER:aPOINTS:126. Who held that many linguistic utterances have only an expressive function?a. William Jamesb. Thomas Hobbesc. Rudolf Carnapd. Jacques DerridaANSWER:cPOINTS:127. The philosophical view that a real world exists independently of our language, our thoughts, our perceptions, and ourbeliefs is calleda. antirealism.b. realism.c. pragmatism.d. postmodernism.ANSWER:bPOINTS:128. The view that there are many realities and that realities are constructed by the many languages of the cultures andsubcultures is calleda. pragmatism.b. existentialism.c. postmodernism.d. realism.ANSWER:cPOINTS:1Page6Name:Class:Date:Chapter 3—Reality and Being

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29. Who believed that the flow of time as we experience it cannot be real?a. Hilary Putnamb. Jean Grimshawc. Maurice Merleau-Pontyd. Edmund HusserlANSWER:cPOINTS:130. The philosophical position that holds that people have control over what they do and are free to choose to act otherthan the way they do is calleda. determinism.b. existentialism.c. libertarianism.d. phenomenology.ANSWER:cPOINTS:131. What French philosopher argues that the scientist's objective time is just a conceptual abstraction, a construct of themind?a. Henri Bergsonb. Edmund Husserlc. Immanual Kantd. J. J. C. SmartANSWER:aPOINTS:132.What, according to Plato, is the true lover of knowledge always striving after?a.Beingb.Formsc.Soulsd.LoveANSWER:aPOINTS:1Page7Name:Class:Date:Chapter 3—Reality and Being

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