Test Bank For Philosophy: A Text with Readings, 13th Edition

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Test Bank For Philosophy: A Text with Readings, 13th Edition provides an extensive collection of questions to test your knowledge.

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True / False
1. Philosophy begins with wonder.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
2. Perictione suggests that philosophy is ultimately a search for an understanding of why we and our universe are here.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
3. Socrates held that the gods agreed on what is holy.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
4. Crito was unwilling to help Socrates escape from jail.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
5. When people talk about getting along, they generally mean satisfying their maintenance needs.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
6. Plato tells the Allegory of the Cave in the Republic.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1Page 1Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

7. Holbach was a determinist.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
8. The list of topics on which we can philosophize is strictly limited.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
9. To evaluate a philosopher's claim we need to identify the premises and conclusion of his or her argument.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
10. In assessing an argument we need only look at its logical form.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
Multiple Choice
11. What is the goal of philosophy?
a. Autonomy
b. Angst
c. Authority
d. Ambivalence
ANSWER: a
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12. Who wrote of the Allegory of the Cave?
a. Plato
b. Aristotle
c. Gyges
d. Epicurus
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
13. Epistemology literally means
a. the study of knowledge.
b. the study of the reality.
c. the study of whether humans are free or unfree.
d. the study of morality.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
14. Gail Stenstad is a
a. Greek theologian.
b. Platonic philosopher.
c. Feminist philosopher.
d. Religious theologian.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
15. Karma means literally
a. action.
b. movement.
c. rightness.
d. fate.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
16. The idea of karma can combine
a. rightness and wrongness.
b. determinism and freedom.
c. the whole and the part.
d. life and death.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1Page 3Name: Class: Date:
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17. Who said that whatever the gods love is holy?
a. Socrates
b. Plato
c. Euripides
d. Euthyphro
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
18. According to whom does philosophical knowledge free us from the cycle of birth, suffering, death, and rebirth?
a. Plato
b. Aristotle
c. Krishna
d. Buddha
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
19. What does philosophy literally mean?
a. Love of knowledge
b. Love of nature
c. Love of wisdom
d. Love of life
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
20. The view of philosophy as the activity of examining our assumptions and beliefs about ourselves and the universe
around us was expressed by
a. Plato.
b. Perictione.
c. Aristotle.
d. Buddha.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1Page 4Name: Class: Date:
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21. What philosopher argues for determinism, the view that all things and all human beings are unfree?
a. Paul Henri d'Holbach
b. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
c. Viktor Frankl
d. Plato
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
22. What philosopher argued that service toward others is our primary moral duty?
a. Aristotle
b. Mahatma Gandhi
c. Plato
d. Harry Browne
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
23. What subfield of philosophy is concerned with moral values and moral principles?
a. Theology
b. Ethics
c. Metaphysics
d. Epistemology
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
24. What subfield of philosophy is concerned with the ultimate characteristics of reality or existence?
a. Epistemology
b. Axiology
c. Metaphysics
d. Science
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
25. What does philosophy begin with?
a. Wonder
b. Despair
c. Confusion
d. Autonomy
ANSWER: a
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26. Philosophy is the love and pursuit of
a. pleasure.
b. wisdom.
c. wonder.
d. angst.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
27. The Allegory of the Cave does not suggest that philosophy is an activity
a. that has the aim of freedom.
b. that examines the most basic assumptions of human existence.
c. that is fruitless.
d. that is difficult.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
28. Perictione saw philosophy as a search for
a. understanding.
b. pleasure.
c. equity.
d. love.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
29. When we philosophize we are always engaged in
a. doubting.
b. sensing.
c. a fruitful endeavor.
d. reasoning.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
30. Good reasoning is a key not only to philosophy, but to
a. success in getting what you want out of life.
b. generating anxiety.
c. generating doubt.
d. failure to live a proper human life.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1Page 6Name: Class: Date:
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Completion
31. ____________________ means "the study of knowledge."
ANSWER: Epistemology
POINTS: 1
32. ____________________ is the view that all things and all human beings are unfree because everything that
happens does so in accordance with some law.
ANSWER: Determinism
POINTS: 1
33. ____________________ is the study of the most general characteristics of reality.
ANSWER: Metaphysics
POINTS: 1
34. ____________________ is the study of morality.
ANSWER: Ethics
POINTS: 1
35. Socrates claimed that he had a(n) ____________________ to obey the law.
ANSWER: obligation
POINTS: 1
36. Genevieve Lloyd is a(n) ____________________ philosopher.
ANSWER: feminist
POINTS: 1
37. The freedom of being able to decide for yourself what you will believe is called ____________________.
ANSWER: autonomy
POINTS: 1
38. Gail Stenstad calls the male approach to knowledge __________ thinking.
ANSWER: theoretical
POINTS: 1
39. There is usually something wrong with philosophical claims that are _________ or ambiguous.
ANSWER: vague
POINTS: 1Page 7Name: Class: Date:
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40. A claim together with its supporting reasons is called an _________.
ANSWER: argument
POINTS: 1
Essay
41. What is Plato's Myth of the Cave, and how does it illustrate the challenges and advantages associated with
philosophy?
ANSWER: Answers may vary.
POINTS: 1
42. Do you think that we have an obligation to obey the law? What if the law is unjust? Would we still have an obligation
to obey it? Or would we instead say that the law in question was not properly a law, since it was unjust? What do
your answers to these questions tell you about (a) your views concerning the nature of law; (b) your views
concerning the nature of obligation?
ANSWER: Answers may vary.
POINTS: 1
43. Do you agree with Harry Browne that ethics is just a sham? Why, or why not?
ANSWER: Answers may vary.
POINTS: 1
44. After reading this chapter do you believe that philosophy is a discipline with a distinct subject-matter, like physics is,
for example, or do you believe that it consists more of a set of techniques? Explain and illustrate your answer.
ANSWER: Answers may vary.
POINTS: 1
45. Would you prefer to be happy and ignorant, or unhappy, yet wise? Explain your answer.
ANSWER: Answers may vary.
POINTS: 1Page 8Name: Class: Date:
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True / False
1. Freud wrote Civilization and Its Discontents.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
2. Hobbes believed that humans were altruistic.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
3. J. J. C. Smart argued that states of consciousness are identical with states of the brain.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
4. Aristotle held that all living things have a purpose.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
5. Aristotle claimed that barbarians could be enslaved by Greeks.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
6. Augustine did not believe that humans have wills.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1Page 1Name: Class: Date:
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7. Existentialism emphasizes the free and conscious individual.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
8. In behaviorism, our consciousness seems to have disappeared.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
9. Bad faith, according to Jean-Paul Sartre, is deceiving ourselves by pretending we are free.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
10. Freud claimed that humans are selfish.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
Multiple Choice
11. Who said that men possess "a powerful measure of desire for aggressiveness"?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Socrates
c. Plato
d. Jeremy Bentham
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1Page 2Name: Class: Date:
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12. The view that "all humans have a rational spiritual self that is distinct from its body" is the
a. Buddhist view
b. Rational View
c. Traditional View
d. Hindu View
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
13. What, for Plato, was an eternal and perfect ideal that existed in an unchanging heaven?
a. Forms
b. Souls
c. Reason
d. Spirit
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
14. Who proposed the idea of natural selection?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Charles Taylor
c. Plotinus
d. Plato
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
15. The view that humans are whatever they make themselves is termed
a. Darwinism
b. Buddhism
c. Existentialism
d. Platonism
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
16. J.J. C. Smart endorsed what theory of human nature?
a. Identity theory
b. Coextension theory
c. The Traditional View
d. The Existential View
ANSWER: a
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17. The philosopher who believed that who you are depends on your relationships to others is:
a. Hegel
b. Plato
c. Taylor
d. Sartre
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
18. The philosophical view that human beings act only out of self-interest is called
a. natural selection
b. psychological egoism
c. altruism
d. existentialism
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
19. What philosopher argued that humans act only out of self-interest and are material bodies?
a. Thomas Hobbes
b. Mark Mercer
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Aristotle
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
20. What contemporary American philosopher argued that behind every action we perform is a "self-regarding end"?
a. Mark Mercer
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Jean Paul-Sartre
d. Garrett J. DeWeese
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
21. An argument that is both valid and has true premises is called a(n) ____ argument.
a. inductive
b. rational
c. sound
d. reasonable
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1Page 4Name: Class: Date:
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22. All that a valid deductive argument guarantees is that if its premises are true, then the conclusion has to be ____.
a. false
b. valid
c. sound
d. true
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
23. An argument whose conclusion necessarily has to be true if the premises are true is
a. deductive
b. inductive
c. inconclusive
d. verifiable
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
24. An argument that is supposed to show that its conclusion is probably true if its premises are true is called
a. deductive
b. inductive
c. sound
d. valid
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
25. What view of human nature claims that all humans have a rational spiritual self that is distinct from the material
body, has a purpose, endures over time and exists as a separate individual?
a. Traditional Western View
b. Traditional Eastern View
c. Modern Eastern View
d. Postmodern Western View
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1Page 5Name: Class: Date:
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26. What philosopher argues that our ability to reason is the characteristic that sets the human self apart from all other
creatures of nature?
a. Plato
b. Aristotle
c. Saint Augustine
d. Charles Darwin
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
27. What philosopher argued that our individual identity depends on relationships with others, such that who we are
cannot be separated from our relationship with others?
a. Aristotle
b. Hegel
c. Plato
d. George Mavrodes
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
28. An inference to the best explanation is a(n)
a. deductive argument.
b. valid argument.
c. sound argument.
d. inductive argument.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
29. An inference to the best explanation can be
a. either weak or strong.
b. valid.
c. invalid.
d. sound.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1Page 6Name: Class: Date:
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30. ____ says there is no universal human nature, no rational human nature, no purpose for human nature.
a. Aristotle
b. Jean-Paul Sartre
c. Plato
d. Genevieve Lloyd
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
31. What philosopher argued that humans are made up of dual substances, a material body and an immaterial mind?
a. Aristotle
b. Jean-Paul Sartre
c. Rene Descartes
d. Genevieve Lloyd
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
32. What philosopher argued that the mind could be reduced to the physical actions of the material body?
a. Thomas Hobbes
b. Rene Descartes
c. Gottfried Leibniz
d. Nicolas Malebranche
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
33. Hobbes believed that everything in the Universe was
a. corporeal.
b. spiritual.
c. unchanging.
d. endless.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
34. How many parts of human nature did Plato believe there were?
a. Two
b. Three
c. Four
d. Five
ANSWER: b
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35. Who used the image of a charioteer with two winged horses?
a. Smart
b. Aristotle
c. Sartre
d. Plato
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
Completion
36. According to Plato, humans can control their appetites and aggressive impulses through the use of their
____________________.
ANSWER: reason
POINTS: 1
37. Over thousands of years the process of ____________________ ____________________ can make a species
change into a new species.
ANSWER: natural selection
POINTS: 1
38. ____________________ is the view that humans are made up of two substances.
ANSWER: Dualism
POINTS: 1
39. The view that processes such as thought and life are really nothing more than physical and chemical processes is
called ____________________.
ANSWER: reductionism
POINTS: 1
40. One version of ____________________ is the identity theory of the mind.
ANSWER: materialism
POINTS: 1
41. Behaviorism began as a school of ____________________ that restricted the study of humans to what could be
observed.
ANSWER: psychology
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42. ____________________ is the view that we should explain mental states in terms of perceptual inputs and
behavioral outputs.
ANSWER: Functionalism
POINTS: 1
43. Siddhartha Gautama was the founder of ____________________.
ANSWER: Buddhism
POINTS: 1
44. ____________________ argued that a person's culture is the mirror through which society shows her who and
what she is.
ANSWER: Hegel
POINTS: 1
45. Descartes' view of human nature says that humans are ____________________ minds with
____________________ bodies.
ANSWER: immaterial, material
POINTS: 1
Essay
46. What is "psychological egoism"? Do you find it a compelling view of human nature? Why, or why not?
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
47. Do you think that humans have a different moral status than other animals? Why? If your view is that they have
certain properties that other animals lack, do all humans have these properties? If not, do those that lack them lack
the moral status that you ascribe to humans? If your view is that humans matter morally because they are
human why does being human count for so much?
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
48. If we are genetically inclined to be selfish, does this justify our selfishness or merely explain it? Explain your answer.
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
49. Do you believe that there is a "you" to whom this question is addressed? Explain your answer.
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1Page 9Name: Class: Date:
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True / False
1. St. Augustine found it difficult to believe that spirits were real.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
2. The Charvaka philosophers were spiritualists.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
3. Hobbes believed that there was more to the Universe than measureable mater.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
4. Hobbes believed that our mental states are states of our brain.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
5. The neutrino has no mass, no electric charge, and no magnetic field.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
6. Vasubandhu claimed that we directly perceive the objects in the world around us.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
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7. Dewey believed that philosophy arose out of people's struggles to deal with social and political problems.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
8. Charles S. Pierce was concerned with the psychological effects of ideas.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
9. Newton believed that all material bodies in the universe were governed by universal laws of nature.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
Multiple Choice
10. Who was also known as the Lokyata?
a. The Buddhists
b. The Hindus
c. The Carvakas
d. The Augustinians
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
11. Hobbes believed that
a. Only matter is real
b. Only spirit is real
c. The world is composed of both matter and spirit
d. The world cannot be known
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1Page 2Name: Class: Date:
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12. The view that whatever I perceive is merely one of my perceptions or a collection of them is known as
a. Subjective idealism
b. Objective idealism
c. Subjective materialism
d. Objective materialism
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
13. Which pragmatist was concerned with the logical implications of ideas?
a. John Dewey
b. C. S. Pierce
c. William James
d. Elmer Sprague
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
14. A. J. Ayer believed that there were only two kinds of meaningful statements:
a. Relations of ideas and statements of fact
b. Relations of ideas and tautologies
c. Empirical hypotheses and statements of fact
d. Relations of fact and statements of ideas
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
15. Which view is the heir of pragmatism and idealism?
a. Materialism
b. Irrealism
c. Antirealism
d. Immaterialism
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
16. Sartre endorses
a. Libertarianism
b. Determinism
c. LaPlacianism
d. Psychologism
ANSWER: a
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17. Thomas Hobbes endorses
a. Libertarianism
b. Compatibilism
c. Determinism
d. Existentialism
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
18. For what philosopher(s) does reality contain every possible kind of being, from the "lowest" kind of inert matter to the
"highest" kind of spirit?
a. Thomas Hobbes
b. Karl Marx
c. Saint Augustine
d. Charvaka Philosophers of India
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
19. What philosopher argued that reality can be explained in terms of the smallest pieces of matter he called atoms?
a. Aristotle
b. Plato
c. Saint Augustine
d. Democritus
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
20. What philosopher, in his book Man a Machine, argued that humans are nothing more than complex machines?
a. Karl Marx
b. Democritus
c. Julien Offray de La Mettrie
d. Vasubandhu
ANSWER: c
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21. An unusual aspect of consciousness is that it must have an object. This feature of consciousness is called
a. subjectivity.
b. intensionality.
c. spatiality.
d. awareness.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
22. What contemporary Canadian philosopher argues that all the things in the universe are thoughts in the mind of God?
a. John Leslie
b. John Rawls
c. Josiah Royce
d. F. H. Bradley
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
23. The attribution of human thoughts and emotions onto the nonhuman universe is the fallacy of
a. equivocation
b. composition
c. anthropomorphism
d. wishful thinking
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
24. The philosophical view that interprets an idea in terms of its practical consequences and asks what difference it
would make if it were true is called
a. materialism.
b. idealism.
c. pragmatism.
d. logical positivism.
ANSWER: c
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25. The statement, "All bachelors are unmarried." is a(n)
a. analytical statement.
b. synthetic statement.
c. meaningless statement.
d. empirical statement.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
26. Who held that many linguistic utterances have only an expressive function?
a. William James
b. Thomas Hobbes
c. Rudolf Carnap
d. Jacques Derrida
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
27. The philosophical view that a real world exists independently of our language, our thoughts, our perceptions, and our
beliefs is called
a. antirealism.
b. realism.
c. pragmatism.
d. postmodernism.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
28. The view that there are many realities and that realities are constructed by the many languages of the cultures and
subcultures is called
a. pragmatism.
b. existentialism.
c. postmodernism.
d. realism.
ANSWER: c
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29. Who believed that the flow of time as we experience it cannot be real?
a. Hilary Putnam
b. Jean Grimshaw
c. Maurice Merleau-Ponty
d. Edmund Husserl
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
30. The philosophical position that holds that people have control over what they do and are free to choose to act other
than the way they do is called
a. determinism.
b. existentialism.
c. libertarianism.
d. phenomenology.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
31. What French philosopher argues that the scientist's objective time is just a conceptual abstraction, a construct of the
mind?
a. Henri Bergson
b. Edmund Husserl
c. Immanual Kant
d. J. J. C. Smart
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
32. What, according to Plato, is the true lover of knowledge always striving after?
a. Being
b. Forms
c. Souls
d. Love
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1Page 7Name: Class: Date:
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