Test Bank for Statistics For The Behavioral And Social Sciences, 6th Edition

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Test BankForStatistics for the Behavioral andSocial SciencesA Brief CourseSixth EditionArthur AronState University of New York at Stony BrookElliot J. CoupsRutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Rutgers,The State University of New JerseyElaine N. AronState University of New York at Stony BrookPrepared byTheodore WhitleyEast Carolina University

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iiiTable of ContentsChapter 1Displaying the Order in a Group of Numbers Using Tablesand Graphs1Chapter 2The Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, andZScores17Chapter 3Correlation and Prediction31Chapter 4Some Key Ingredients for Inferential Statistics:The Normal Curve, Sample versus Population,and Probability54Chapter 5Introduction to Hypothesis Testing67Chapter 6Hypothesis Tests with Means of Samples86Chapter 7Making Sense of Statistical Significance:Effect Size and Statistical Power102Chapter 8Introduction to thetTest: Single Sampleand Dependent Means117Chapter 9ThetTest for Independent Means142Chapter 10Introduction to the Analysis of Variance164Chapter 11Chi-Square Tests and Strategies WhenPopulation Distributions Are Not Normal195Chapter 12A Closer Look at Advanced StatisticalProcedures in Research Articles223Chapter 13Applying Statistical Methods in YourOwn Research Project235

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1Chapter 1Displaying the Order in a Group of NumbersUsing Tables and GraphsMULTIPLE CHOICE1) A team of investigators collects data on the number of students who are on scholarshipat various local colleges. If the team then makes a frequency table to summarize thedata, they are using a(n)A) measure of central tendency.B) descriptive statistical method.C) intuitive statistical method.D) inferential statistical method.Answer: BBloom’s Category: Remembering2) A student theorizes that performance on a statistics exam will be related to the numberof hours she spent studying. This student will be required to test her theory usingA) common sense.B) reasoning by analogy.C) inferential statistics.D) intuition.Answer: CBloom’s Category: Understanding3) The two main branches of statistical methods areA) theoretical and inferential.B) intuitive and observational.C) descriptive and intuitive.D) descriptive and inferential.Answer: DBloom’s Category: Remembering4) The value of putting numbers into a frequency table is thatA) it makes the pattern of numbers clear at a glance.B) it enables one to draw inferences from the table.C) frequency tables are required by many journals.D) frequency tables are easily constructed.Answer: ABloom’s Category: Understanding5) A psychologist is interested in studying aggressive tendencies in people and develops ameasure of this personality characteristic. In this study, aggression is a(n)A) abstract concept.B) variable.

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2C) value.D) invariable construct.Answer: BBloom’s Category: Remembering6) Several employees of a major corporation are rated for their degree of job satisfaction.If a particular employee’s job satisfaction is rated 8 on a20-point scale, 8 represents that employee’sA) frequency.B) variable.C) score.D) percentile.Answer: CBloom’s Category: Remembering7) An intelligence test includes 15 items. Thus, a person’s score could lie between 0 and15. Each of these potential numbers of correct responses(0–15) that a person could possibly obtain is called aA) value.B) variable.C) frequency.D) mean.Answer: ABloom’s Category: Remembering8) If the difference between scores of 3 and 4 is approximately the same as the differencebetween scores of 15 and 16, the variable isA) an equal interval variable.B) a nominal variable.C) a ratio variable.D) a rank-order variable.Answer: ABloom’s Category: Remembering9) Numeric variables are also calledA) nominal variables.B) categorical variables.C) quantitative variables.D) irrelevant variables.Answer: CBloom’s Category: Remembering10) All of the following are examples of rank-order variables EXCEPTA) a student’s rank in his or her graduating class.B) a tennis player’s standing compared to other athletes in the region.C) a runner’s place finished in a race.D) a student’s level of stress just before an exam.Answer: DBloom’s Category: Analyzing

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311) All of the following are examples of a nominal variable EXCEPTA) hair color.B) religious affiliation.C) Social Security number.D) score on an IQ test.Answer: DBloom’s Category: Understanding12) Which of the following is an example of a nominal variable?A) Grade point average (3.2, 2.7, etc.)B) Number of friends a person has (0, 1, etc.)C) Birth position in a family (first, second, etc.)D) Nationality of the car a person owns (American, Japanese, etc.)Answer: DBloom’s Category: Understanding13) Which of the following is an example of an equal-interval variable?A) Marital status of a person (single, divorced, etc.)B) Number of friends a person has (2, 4, etc.)C) Results of a horse race (arrived 1st, 2nd, etc.)D) Numbers printed on the back of a basketball team’s jerseys (21, 43, etc.)Answer: BBloom’s Category: Understanding14) A researcher wishing to summarize all the scores for a variable in a study creates afrequency table, but finds that there are so many values that the table is toocumbersome to be useful. The next step would be to make aA) histogram.B) frequency polygon.C) grouped frequency table.D) pie chart.Answer: CBloom’s Category: Remembering15) A researcher measures the eye movements of 100 participants as they read ambiguouswords embedded within sentences. Because eye movements are measured inmilliseconds, and there are likely to be many different times measured, the researchermight decide to use a __________ to help make sense of these data.A) frequency polygraphB) scatterplotC) grouped frequency tableD) horizontal bar chartAnswer: CBloom’s Category: Evaluating

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416) When making a frequency table for a numeric variable, the list down the left edge ofthe page should includeA) all possible values, starting with the lowest and ending with the highest.B) only even-numbered values.C) only odd-numbered values.D) the cumulative frequencies and percentages for participants.Answer: ABloom’s Category: Remembering17) When making a frequency table for a nominal variable, the values listed on the left-hand side of the frequency table should beA) the percentage of participants in each category.B) the number of interactions among participants.C) the categories of the variable.D) the appropriate interval groupings.Answer: CBloom’s Category: Remembering18) A frequency table listsA) the times that variations occur in several variables.B) the number of scores at each value.C) the intensity of a variable over the participants studied.D) the average and median values of each variable.Answer: BBloom’s Category: Remembering19) A frequency table includes columns for all of the following EXCEPTA) the number of ratings for each value on a scale.B) the frequency of scores at each value.C) the percentage of scores for each value.D) the standard deviation of the measurement scale.Answer: DBloom’s Category: Remembering20) The word “frequency” in a frequency table refers toA) the number of participant categories.B) the number of scores at each value of a variable.C) the times per unit change of each score.D) the cumulative percentage for any given value.Answer: BBloom’s Category: Remembering21) Consider the scores 1, 3, 3, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8. Which of the following would be thecorrect top line of a frequency table?A) 3, 2, 20%B) 10, 10, 100%C) 0, 2, 25%

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5D) 8, 1, 10%Answer: DBloom’s Category: Remembering22) Consider the scores 2, 6, 7, 1, 7, 8, 5, 4. Which of the following would be the correctsecond line of the frequency table?A) 2, 7, 20%B) 7, 2, 25%C) 6, 1, 6%D) 1, 1, 12%Answer: BBloom’s Category: Remembering23) A histogram looks most likeA) a skyline of a city.B) a large wave.C) a silhouette of mountains.D) a pattern of iron filings.Answer: ABloom’s Category: Understanding24) A histogram is most closely related toA) a pie chart.B) a line plot.C) a contour plot.D) a bar chart.Answer: DBloom’s Category: Understanding25) In a histogram, the vertical dimension displaysA) the possible values the variable can have.B) the intensity of the variable.C) the mean score.D) the frequency of scores.Answer: DBloom’s Category: Remembering26) In a histogram, the horizontal dimension displaysA) the range of possible values the variable can have.B) the percentile score for each individual.C) the mean score.D) the frequency of scores.Answer: ABloom’s Category: Remembering27) When working with a nominal variable, the histogram is called a(n)A) bar graph.B) frequency polygon.C) area plot.

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6D) bubble plot.Answer: ABloom’s Category: Remembering28) When making a histogram, it is easiest to begin byA) listing of all the scores in order.B) creating a frequency table.C) listing all the percentages in order.D) referring to the normal curve table.Answer: BBloom’s Category: Applying29) An important difference between a histogram and a frequency polygon is that thefrequency polygonA) is used for grouped values.B) begins and ends with a frequency of 10 (i.e., at the vertical axis).C) covers the full range of values (i.e., 0–100).D) begins and ends with a frequency of zero (i.e., at the horizontal axis).Answer: DBloom’s Category: Understanding30) A frequency polygon looks most likeA) a skyline of a city.B) a large wave.C) a silhouette of mountains.D) a series of intersecting shapes.Answer: CBloom’s Category: Understanding31) Place the five steps for making a frequency polygon into the correct order.1.Along the left side of the page (y-axis), make a scale of frequencies that rangesfrom 0 at the bottom to the highest frequency for any value.2.Connect the points with lines.3.Make a frequency table.4.Mark a point above each value with a height for the frequency of that value.5.Put the values along the bottom of the page (x-axis).A) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2B) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5C) 5, 3, 1, 2, 3D) 3, 5, 1, 2, 4Answer: ABloom’s Category: Applying32) Social scientists use frequency tables, histograms, or frequency polygons to showA) the relation between two variables.B) the reasoning behind experiments.C) specific hypotheses and test their validity.

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7D) how the data they collect are distributed.Answer: DBloom’s Category: Remembering33) Why might a frequency polygon include an extra value at the beginning and end of thehorizontal axis?A) To illustrate the bimodal distribution of the dataB) To highlight the value with the largest frequencyC) To make a closed figure (i.e., polygon)D) To construct a rectangular distributionAnswer: CBloom’s Category: Remembering34) The distribution of scores in a research study in the behavioral and social sciences isusuallyA) unimodal.B) bimodal.C) multimodal.D) rectangular.Answer: ABloom’s Category: Remembering35) A social psychologist rates participants’ empathic responses to the distress of strangerson a scale of 1 to 10. Most participants were rated either 3 or 7. How would thisdistribution be described?A) BimodalB) UnimodalC) RectangularD) NormalAnswer: ABloom’s Category: Remembering36) If the distribution of scores in a study includes four scores of 3, 5, and 7, and none ofthe other scores occurs more than twice, the distribution isA) unimodal.B) bimodal.C) multimodal.D) rectangular.Answer: CBloom’s Category: Remembering37) If all the values in a distribution have about the same frequency, it is called a(n)A) multimodal distribution.B) rectangular distribution.C) bimodal distribution.D) equalized distribution.Answer: BBloom’s Category: Remembering

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838) On the first exam in an introductory statistics class, most students did very well andonly a few did poorly. How would you describe the distribution of test scores?A) SymmetricalB) Skewed to the leftC) Having a floor effectD) Skewed to the rightAnswer: BBloom’s Category: Remembering39) When a distribution is skewed to the right, it means thatA) there are more scores piled up at the high end of the range.B) the scores are evenly distributed.C) there are more scores piled up at the low end of the range.D) there is a ceiling effect.Answer: CBloom’s Category: Remembering40) On an exam in a cognitive psychology class, most students attained a perfect score.This is an example ofA) a symmetrical distribution.B) a bimodal distribution.C) a ceiling effect.D) a floor effect.Answer: CBloom’s Category: Remembering41) When a distribution is skewed to the left, it means thatA) there are more scores piled up at the high end of the range.B) the scores are evenly distributed.C) there are more scores piled up at the low end of the range.D) there is a ceiling effect.Answer: ABloom’s Category: Remembering42) When a distribution is skewed to the left, it is likely thatA) there is a floor effect.B) there are more scores piled up at the low end of the range.C) the distribution is approximately normal and symmetrical.D) there is a ceiling effect.Answer: DBloom’s Category: Remembering43) In some cases, researchers describe a distribution in terms of whether its tails havemany or few scores in them. This aspect of the shape of a distribution is known asA) symmetry.B) kurtosis.C)z-transformation.

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9D) queue.Answer: BBloom’s Category: Remembering44) When a distribution is heavy-tailed itA)has a flat appearance with many scores at the extremes (tails).B)is skewed to the right.C)is skewed to the left.D)has a pinched appearance with few scores at the extremes (tails).Answer: ABloom’s Category: Remembering45) A frequency table is most likely to be included in a research article whenA) nominal variables are involved.B) there are a very small number of scores.C) a correlation is being reported.D) there are only two values for the variable.Answer: ABloom’s Category: Remembering46) Which of the following is supported by research cited in your text?A) Women generally do worse in statistics classes because they have lowerexpectations for themselves.B) Women tend to do worse in statistics because others have lower expectations ofthem.C) Women tend to do worse in statistics because instructors generally call on themless often.D) Women generally do as well as men in statistics classes.Answer: DBloom’s Category: RememberingQuestions 47 and 48 refer to the table below.47) According to the table, what are the most common types of cognitive problem faced byAlzheimer’s disease patients?A) Motor problemsB) Language problemsC) Memory problemsD) Attentional problemsAnswer: CBloom’s Category: UnderstandingIncidence of Memory, Language, and Motors Deficits inAlzheimer’s Disease Patients (N= 200)Cognitive SymptomN%Memory ProblemsLanguage ProblemsMotor Problems180644090%32%20%

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1048) According to the table, what is the total number of patients in this sample who sufferfrom motor problems?A) 20/200B) 40C) 40/ND) 64Answer: BBloom’s Category: UnderstandingSENTENCE COMPLETION/TRUE-FALSE49) Social scientists who want to summarize and make understandable a group of numberscollected in a research study would use ______________ statistics.Answer: descriptiveBloom’s Category: Remembering50) Investigators who want to draw statistical conclusions that go beyond the numbersactually collected in the research would use ____________ statistics.Answer: inferentialBloom’s Category: Remembering51) A listing that shows how many times each value of a variable occurs among aparticular group of scores is called a(n) ________________.Answer: frequency tableBloom’s Category: Remembering52) If a professor has an 81 on a test of social skills that is administered to all professors ata local college, 81 is the professor’s ________.Answer: scoreBloom’s Category: Remembering53) In a study of hospitalized psychiatric patients, nurses rate the patients’ ability to takecare of their rooms on a scale of 0 to 7. Therefore, ability to take care of one’s room isa _________.Answer: variableBloom’s Category: Understanding54) On a measure of social skills, the difference between scores of 6 and 7 has the samemeaning as a difference between scores of 25 and 26. This measure is considered a(n)__________ variable.Answer: equal-intervalBloom’s Category: Remembering55) Another name for an ordinal variable is a(n) __________ variable.Answer: rank-orderBloom’s Category: Remembering56) Equal-interval and rank-order variables are both __________ variables.Answer: numeric, quantitativeBloom’s Category: Remembering57) The type of transportation a person uses to get to work (e.g., car, bus) is an example ofa(n) __________ variable.Answer: nominal, categoricalBloom’s Category: Remembering

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1158) When making a frequency table, the first column lists the values and the secondcolumn contains the __________ of each value.Answer: frequencyBloom’s Category: Remembering59) The third column of a frequency table usually contains __________.Answer: percentages, %Bloom’s Category: Remembering60) A table that lists the number of employees in a company at each level of earnings, from$80,000–99,999 down to $20,000–29,999, is a ________________ table.Answer: grouped frequencyBloom’s Category: Remembering61) A way to simplify a frequency table when a large number of values are possible is togroup the scores into __________.Answer: intervalsBloom’s Category: Remembering62) A frequency table, histogram, or frequency polygon describes a(n) _________.Answer: frequency distribution, distribution of scoresBloom’s Category: Remembering63) A drawback associated with the use of grouped frequency tables is that you loseinformation about the breakdown of frequencies within each interval. (True or False)Answer: TRUE64) Frequency tables can be used for numerical, but not nominal, variables. (True or False)Answer: FALSE65) If a histogram has one bar that is higher than all the others, the distribution is_____________.Answer: unimodalBloom’s Category: Remembering66) In a study of exercise behavior, if a researcher found that one large group of people didnot exercise at all, while another large group all exercised approximately 15 hours perweek, the shape of the distribution would be __________.Answer: bimodalBloom’s Category: Remembering67) When the pattern of frequencies on the left and right side of a distribution are mirrorimages of each other, the distribution is said to be _______________.Answer: symmetricalBloom’s Category: Remembering68) A distribution in which the scores pile up on one end and are spread out on the otherend is an example of a(n) __________ distribution.Answer: skewedBloom’s Category: Remembering69) If scores on a particular test of reading ability (on which high scores mean high readingability) indicate that most adults have good reading ability, but a small number ofpeople are nearly illiterate, the distribution will be skewed to the _____.Answer: leftBloom’s Category: Remembering

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1270) The distribution of data collected in behavioral and social science research studiesoften approximates a(n) ____________.Answer: normal curveBloom’s Category: Remembering71) A rectangular distribution, in addition to being symmetrical, would be an example ofa(n) __________.Answer: heavy-tailed distributionBloom’s Category: UnderstandingSHORT ANSWER/CONCEPT APPLICATION72) Explain the difference between descriptive and inferential statistical methods.Bloom’s Category: Understanding73) Provide an example of how descriptive and inferential methods might be used in astudy examining the effects of a behavioral intervention for children with autism.Bloom’s Category: Creating74) Why is a grouped frequency table sometimes more useful than an ordinary frequencytable for categorizing and displaying a group of numbers?Bloom’s Category: Understanding75) You are asked to develop a new measure of leadership ability to be used in a study ofadolescent behavior (with male and female students in Grades 6–8).(a) What is the variable of interest in this study?Bloom’s Category: Remembering(b) Is your variable equal-interval, rank-ordered, or nominal?Bloom’s Category: Remembering(c) Describe the nature of your measure and its range of values.Bloom’s Category: Understanding(d) Do you anticipate a normal distribution of scores on your variable? If not, what doyou expect to find with regard to the shape of your distribution?Bloom’sCategory: Understanding76) Explain what it means to have a ceiling effect in a distribution of scores and provide anexample.Bloom’s Category: Understanding77) Sketch the following: (a) a normal distribution, (b) a bimodal distribution, (c) apositively skewed distribution, and (d) a heavy-tailed distribution.Bloom’s Category: Remembering78) Describe a study that would produce a bimodal distribution.Bloom’s Category: Creating79) Describe a study that would produce a rectangular distribution.Bloom’s Category: Creating

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