Test Bank for Young Offenders and Youth Justice: A Century After the Fact, 5th Edition

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1
Chapter 1: The Rise and Fall of Delinquency
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is MOST significant to those who study “the politics of youth
crime”?
a. parliamentary discussions surrounding youth crime and justice reform
b. political parties’ positions on young offenders and juvenile justice
c. public concerns about the effectiveness of the youth justice system
d. the amount of coverage devoted to youth crime in the media and public discourse
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 3 BLM: Remember
2. What did the “law-and-order” proponents of the 1995 Reform of the YOA argue?
a. that the YOA was effectively controlling youth crime
b. that economic, social, and political realities required examination
c. that both youth and the YOA were problems
d. that offending youth should not be identified
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 6-7 BLM: Remember
3. Which of the following statements is a law-and-order proponent most likely to support?
a. Government policies need to address poverty and youth unemployment.
b. The problems experienced by youth are more concerning than youth crime.
c. Adults need protection from youth who are accused of committing crimes.

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d. Rehabilitation is best achieved by keeping youth out of institutions.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 6-7 BLM: Higher Order
4. The “Nunn Commission” was a public inquiry held as result of which case?
a. Kristen French
b. Reena Virk
c. Theresa McEvoy
d. Stefanie Rengel
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 7-8 BLM: Remember
5. According to the text, what do crime statistics as far back as 1885 indicate about youth
involvement in criminal activity?
a. They were never involved in criminal activity until after World War II.
b. They have always been involved in criminal activity; including serious violent
crimes.
c. They were never involved in criminal activity to the same extent as adults until after
the YOA was implemented.
d. They have always been involved in criminal activity, but did not become involved in
violent crime until after the YOA was implemented.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 9 BLM: Remember
6. How was youth crime viewed in the Victorian era?
a. an issue of morality

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b. a problem caused by immigration
c. a result of children and youths’ marginalized status in society
d. caused by the freedom and independence of young people in the New World
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 13-18 BLM: Remember
7. Which of the following statements is true regarding the institutionalized youth population
of the 19th century compared to today?
a. A higher percentage of imprisoned youth were boys.
b. A higher percentage of imprisoned youth were girls.
c. A lower percentage of imprisoned youth were girls.
d. A similar percentage of imprisoned youth were boys.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 15 BLM: Remember
8. Which were the first two youth specific institutions built in Canada after the passage of
the 1857 Act for Establishing Prisons for Young Offenders?
a. Kingston Penitentiary and the Millhaven Institution
b. Grand Valley Institution and the Upper Canada Institution
c. Maplehurst Institution and the Archambault Institution
d. Penetanguishene and Isle-aux-Noix
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 17 BLM: Remember
9. Which term refers to a belief that the right treatment can change a person’s attitudes,
values, and/or behaviour?

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a. reformatory philosophy
b. rehabilitative philosophy
c. punitive philosophy
d. penal philosophy
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 17 BLM: Remember
10. During the 19th century, at what age were children exempt from the law because it was
believed they were “unable to distinguish right from wrong”?
a. 7
b. 12
c. 13
d. 14
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 19 BLM: Remember
11. Which of the following most accurately describes how youth crime has changed over the
last 200 years in Canada?
a. Nothing has changed.
b. There are higher numbers of youth involved in crime today than in the past.
c. The public’s perceptions, definitions and responses to youth crime have changed.
d. Gang delinquency has become more prevalent in many urban areas of Canada.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 20-29 BLM: Higher Order

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12. According to the text, which of the following is the best explanation for the increase in
youth crime reported in Canada over time?
a. rapid decreases in overall population
b. the creation of the juvenile justice system
c. decreases in crime prevention activities, such as policing
d. changes in delinquent and criminal behaviour among the youth population
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 24-26 BLM: Higher Order
13. According to the text, which of the following statements best describes how youth crime
is studied using a sociological perspective?
a. an examination of criminal behaviour, crime trends, and statistics
b. an examination of the individual’s history, family, school, and neighbourhood
c. an examination of structural, demographic, and political factors
d. an examination of the criminal justice system
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 26-27 BLM: Remember
14. Which term refers to the creation of criminal justice policy based on public sentiment as
it is perceived in the media, rather than on actual criminal activity or the effectiveness of
policy?
a. penal populism
b. media frenzy
c. moral panic legislation

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d. problematized legislation
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 29 BLM: Remember
SHORT ANSWER
1. Define “primary data” and “secondary data” and give an example of each.
Answer:
 Primary data—research information gathered directly from the original source.–––
– Example: prison records
 Secondary data—research information or data that was originally collected for
another purpose.
– Example: academic analyses of a historian’s work
REF: 10-11
2. Outline the three myths about youth crime outlined by Bernard (1992) and give a brief
explanation for each. Give an example of a news story that perpetuates one of these
myths.
Answer:
 “Myth that nothing changes”: the belief that most people always seem to think
pessimistically about youth crime, that youth crime is worse than it actually is,
and that there is a youth “crime wave.
 “Myth of the good old days”: —the belief that crime is worse today than ever
before and youth no longer respect authority
 “Myth of progress”: youth is not as bad now as it was in the past
REF: 23-26

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ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Summarize the two opposing sides that emerged out of the liberal federal government’s
1995 YOA Strategy for Reform public consultations. Which side of the debate do you
support? Be sure to discuss your reasoning.
Answer:
Youth Advocates
 Youth crime had been exaggerated and misrepresented in most public accounts,
especially by the media.
 Department of Justice Statistics showed that crime in Nova Scotia had dropped in
all categories since 1986 and that recent increases in violent crime had “flattened
out.”
 Statistics also indicated that youth were being treated more harshly under the
YOA than under the JDA.
 Except for the offences of murder and manslaughter, youth were treated at least as
harshly as adults who had committed the same offence.
 Youth advocates were primarily concern with problems experienced by youth and
preferred policies focused on poverty and high youth unemployment rather than
punitive justice reforms.
Law-and-Order Advocates
 Children and youth accused of crimes were viewed as an enemy from whom adults
needed protection.
 Youth were viewed as “out of control.”

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 Both youth and the YOA were the problem. Youth lacked respect for anyone or
anything, lacked a sense of responsibility for criminal behaviour, and increasingly
were involved in violent criminal behaviour. The YOA was also a problem because
youth could not be identified, youth were not punished for their crimes, youth had
more rights than their victims, and youth were too protected by the YOA.
 A Statistics Canada release reported an 8 percent increase in youth involvement in
violent crime, and law-and-order advocates used incidences of particularly violent
youth crime to support their view. These stories usually portrayed the young offender
as remorseless and lacking feeling.
 Advocated a “get-tough” approach to young offenders.
REF: 6-8
2. Compare and contrast the “causes” and solutions to youth crime during the Colonial era
(17th and 18th centuries) and the Victorian era (mid-1800s to the turn of the 20th
century).
Answer:
Colonial era
 “Causes”
– Overindulgent parents: parents who provide their children with whatever they
want and who do not discipline their children, which prevents these children
from forming their character
 The fur trade: merchants and military officers saw business opportunities for their
sons in the fur trade. The fur trade was “rife with fraud, immorality, theft, assault,

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9
and murder” (Carrigan, 1991, p. 204) and many carried these bad habits back to
their homes once they left the fur trade.
 The promotion of European immigration to the New World: impoverished
Europeans were lured to the New World with promises of a prosperous life, but
once there, many found only unemployment, sickness, destitution, or death. Many
children found themselves without parents due to their parents dying or through
abandonment.
 Solutions: more schools, more priests, confinement to settled parts of the colony,
fines and punishments for parents of offenders, military justice, and an increase in
garrison troops (police)
Victorian era
 “Causes”
– Improper parenting—neglectful or immoral parents. Poor working-class
parents were viewed as inadequate or as bad role models for their children.
 Solutions
– Rehabilitating individuals—it made no sense to return “evil with evil” by
imprisoning and punishing criminal offenders. It is more effective in the long
run to return “evil with good” by trying to rehabilitate individuals.
REF: 11-17

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Chapter 2: Creating a Juvenile Justice System: Then and Now
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following represents the correct order of legislation introduced to deal with
young offenders in Canada in chronological order?
a. Juvenile Delinquents Act, Young Offenders Act, Youth Criminal Justice Act
b. Juvenile Delinquents Act, Youth Criminal Justice Act, Young Offenders Act
c. Youth Criminal Justice Act, Young Offenders Act, Juvenile Delinquents Act
d. Young Offenders Act ,Youth Criminal Justice Act, Juvenile Delinquents Act
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 34, 69-70 BLM: Remember
2. According to the text, what was of central concern to the Victorian reformers in the
creation of a juvenile justice system?
a. the rise in criminal behaviour of children and youth
b. the desire to save children from harmful family influences
c. the protection of middle-class Victorians from the poor, working class
d. the conflicts between the emerging capitalist system and traditional family supports
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 35 BLM: Remember
3. Who was the lawyer and president of the Ottawa Children’s Aid Society who drafted the
Juvenile Delinquents Act?
a. J.J. Kelso
b. W.L. Scott

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c. Arthur Lancaster
d. Bernard Schissel
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 35-37 BLM: Remember
4. Which of the following models of juvenile justice best summarizes the principles of the
JDA?
a. justice
b. welfare
c. restorative
d. crime control
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 37 BLM: Higher Order
5. Under the JDA, how were youth who were charged with an offence to be treated?
a. as criminals
b. the same as adult offenders
c. as citizens under the law
d. as misdirected and misguided children
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 37 BLM: Remember
6. What does the “parens patriae” philosophy of the Juvenile Delinquency Act translate to
mean?
a. keeper of the peace
b. role model

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c. parenting by probation officers
d. parent of the country
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 37 BLM: Remember
7. In opposition of the JDA, what new principle was introduced by the YOA?
a. youth responsibility
b. protection of the child
c. individual rehabilitation
d. parental responsibility
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 43-46 BLM: Remember
8. Which of the following is one of the new concepts introduced to the youth justice system
by the YCJA?
a. reintegration
b. special needs
c. rehabilitation
d. limited accountability
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 53 BLM: Remember
9. Which of the following justice model principles did the YOA shift toward after
subsequent amendments to the legislation?
a. justice model
b. restorative model

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c. crime control model
d. modified-justice model
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 48–49 BLM: Remember
10. According to the YCJA, what is the sole purpose of the youth justice system?
a. rehabilitation
b. restorative justice
c. protection of the public
d. meaningful consequences
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 51–52 BLM: Remember
11. In 2006, why did the Supreme Court of Canada rule that deterrence, general or specific,
could not be used as a justification for sentencing youth?
a. It is not a stated principle of sentencing anywhere in the YCJA.
b. It is not a stated principle of sentencing anywhere in the YOA.
c. It is not a stated principle of sentencing in the Criminal Code of Canada.
d. Children have limited accountability so deterrence will not have an effect.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 57 BLM: Remember
12. Which of the following amendments was contained in Bill C-10, entitled the Safe Streets
and Communities Act?
a. It made rehabilitation a primary goal of the act through changes to the YCJA
principles.

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b. It requires police to destroy records of when extrajudicial measures are used so that
the courts cannot use this information during a case.
c. It requires courts to ensure the names of young offenders are not published.
d. It requires all young offenders under 18, even those sentenced as adults, to serve their
sentences in youth facilities.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 58-60 BLM: Remember
13. Canadians’ perception of children has changed over the last several centuries. During the
colonial era to the 19th century, how were children viewed?
a. possessions and subject to parental authority
b. subjects with rights of their own
c. vulnerable and in need of state protection
d. no longer property of parents but individuals in their own right
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 62 BLM: Remember
14. What two features of the YCJA place Canada in violation of Articles 16 and 37 of the UN
Convention on the Rights of the Child?
a. reparation and reintegration
b. deterrence and denunciation
c. adult sentences and release of information
d. pretrial detention and extrajudicial measures
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 63–64 BLM: Remember

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15. Which of the following terms is used to describe the continual process of law reform
common in Western society that has resulted in more punitive reactions to youth crime?
a. parens patriae
b. denunciation
c. bifurcated system
d. cycle of juvenile justice
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 65 BLM: Remember
SHORT ANSWER
1. Define “probation”’ and outline why W.L. Scott saw probation officers as playing such a
key role under the JDA.
Answer:
Probation—a sentence of the court that involves supervision in the community and sets
conditions that must be adhered to if the person is to remain in the community.
Important role of probation officers
 Could conduct investigations for the court, and could represent the interests of the
child in court
 Were responsible for supervising children sentenced to probation
 Reform the child and “the whole family” through working with the child in the
home, school, and workplace
REF: pg. 39-40
2. Summarize the three distinct stages in Canadians’ perceptions of children.

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