AP Human Geography All Vocab Terms Part 2

Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others

Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth

A figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. Normally expressed in the context of a particular state

Term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world; formerly used specifically with an uppercase "M" to refer to the Boston—Washington multimetropolitan corridor on the northeastern seaboard of the United States, but now used generically with a lower-case "m" as a synonym for conurbation

Population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths. Natural increase of a population does not reflect either emigrant or immigrant movements

The number of people per unit area of arable land

Structure of a population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

Description of locations on the Earth's surface where populations live

The rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase

Visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each age group (generally five-year increments) is represented by a horizontal bar the length of which represents its relationship to the total population. The males in each age group are represented to the left of the center line of each horizontal bar; the females in each age group are represented to the right of the center line

Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase

The level at which a national population ceases to grow

Movement—for example, nomadic migration—that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally

The space within which daily activity occurs

Movement among a definite set of places—often cyclic movement

Movement—for example, college attendence or military service—that involves temporary, recurrent relocation

A common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers in the United States and tens of millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances

A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

Another common form of periodic movement involving as many as 10 million United States citizens in a given year, including military personnel and their families, who are moved to new locations where they will spend tours of duty lasting up to several years

A change in residence intended to be permanent. See also chain, forced, internal, international, step, and voluntary migration

Human movement involving movement across international boundaries

Human movement within a nation-state, such as ongoing westward and southward movements in the United States

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate

Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move

Developed by British demographer Ernst Ravenstein, five laws that predict the flow of migrants (become familiar with each of the five laws)

A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them

Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state

Pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links (i.e. one migrant settles in a place and then writes, calls, or communicates through others to describe this place to family and friends who in turn then migrate there)

Physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

A person examining a region that is unknown to them

Legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term

Laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state

Phenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination

People who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee

Refugees who have crossed one or more international boundaries during their dislocation, searching for asylum in a different country

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure

Types of push factors or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family or friends have already found success

Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas

Negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale

Established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year

People who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country

Process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds (i.e. criminal records, poor health, or subversive activities) are barred from immigrating

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to town and cityassimilation

In the context of local cultures or customs, the accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs

The process through which something is given monetary value. Commodification occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy

The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit

The visible imprint of of human activity and culture on the landscape. The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of various human occupants

The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society. This is anthropologist Ralph Linton's definition; hundreds of others exist

Practice routinely followed by a group of people

The spatial trajectory through which cultural traits or other phenomena spread

The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

Neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

Cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities

A region in which the housing stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area

The notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice versa. This idea posits that the world is comprised of an interconnected series of relationships that extend across space

The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes

The area where an idea or cultural trait originates

A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. An urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence

Group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others

The art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people

The seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world

The beliefs, practices, aesthics, and values of a group of people

Defined by geographer Edward Relph as the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

Cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western societies

With respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own

A term associated with the work of David Harvey that refers to the social and psychological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensitybarrioization Defined by geographer James Curtis as the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood; referring to barrio, the Spanish word for neighborhood