AP Human Geography All Vocab Terms Part 6

distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.

system which the eldest son in a family-- or, in exceptional cases, daughter--inherits all of a dying parent's land.

term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor, and the latest technology

dependence on a single agricultural commodity

developed by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation

areas of the world with similar climatic charactaristics

production system based on large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics, in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives

non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacoa, coffee, and tobacco

the raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool

specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails

general terms for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry

a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated. The agricultural location theory contained in the von Thunen model is a leading example

costs that change directly with the amount of production (e.g. energy supply and labor costs)

the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration

a process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities

the process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition

theory developed by economist Harold Hotelling that suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to on another in the middle of their collective customer base

Western and Central Europe; Eastern North America; Russia and Ukraine; and Eastern Asia, each of which consists of one or more core areas of industrial development with subsidiary clusters

a location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. In a port, the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains, trucks, or perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution

a highly organized and specialized systems for organizing industrial production and labor. Named after automobile producer Henry Ford, Fordist production features assembly-line production of standardized components for mass consumption

world economic system characterized by a more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not mass-produced; instead, production has been accelerated and dispersed around the globe by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world and bringing places closer together in time and space than would have been imaginable at the beginning of the twentieth century

method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed

phenomenon whereby corporations and others can draw from labor markets around the world, made possible by the compression of time and space through innovation in communication and transportation systems

places where two or more modes of transportation meet (including air, road, rail, barge, and ship)

with reference to production, to turn over in part or in total to a third party

With reference to production, to outsource to a third party located outside of the country.

The southern and southwestern states, from the Carolinas to California, characterized by warm climate and recently, rapid population growth

synthetic organic compounds first created in the 1950s and used primarily as refrigerants and as propellants. The role of CFCs in the destruction of the ozone layer led to the signing of an international agreement (the Montreal Agreement)

the primeval supercontinent, hypothesized by Alfred Wegener, that broke apart and formed the continents and oceans as we know them today; consisted of two parts--a northern Laurasia and a southern Gondwana

the formation of carbohydrates in living plants from water and carbon dioxide, through the action

loss of diversity through a failure to produce new species

mass destruction of most species

Ocean-girdling zone of crustal instability, volcanism,

the most recent epoch in the Late Cenozoic Ice Age, beginning about 1.8 million years ago and marked by as many as 30 glaciations and interglaciations of which the current warm phase, the Holocene epoch, have witnessed the rise of human civilization

a period of global cooling during which continental ice sheets and mountain glaciers expand

sustained warming phase between glaciations during an ice age

the most recent glacial period of the Pleistocene, enduring about 100,000 years and giving way, beginning about 18,000 years ago, to the current interglacial, the Holocene

the current interglaciation period, extending from 10, 000 years ago to the present on the geologic time scale

temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms; causing famines and dislocation

the threat to environmental security by human activity such as atmosphere and groundwater pollution, deforestation, oil spills, and ocean dumping

resources that can regenerate as they are expoited

the system of exchange involving water in its various forms as it continually circulates among the atmosphere, the oceans, and above and below the land surface

subterranean, porous, water-holding rocks that provide millions of wells with steady flows of water

blanket of gases surrounding the Earth and located some 350 miles above the Earth's surface

theory that the Earth is gradually warming as a result of an enhanced greenhouse effect in the Earth's atmosphere caused by ever-increasing amounts of carbon dioxide produced by various human activities

a growing environmental peril whereby acidified rainwater severely damages plant and animal life; caused by the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen that are released into the atmosphere when coal, oil and natural gas are burned, especially in major manufacturing zones

cycle whereby natural processes and human activity consume atmospheric oxygen and produce carbon dioxide and the Earth's forests and other flora, through photosynthesis, consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen

the clearing or destruction of forests

the wearing away of the land surface by wind and moving water

non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to sewage sludge; agricultural refuse; and mining residues

disposal sites for non-hazardous solid waste that is spread in layters and compacted to the smallest practical volume. The sites are typically designed with floors made of materials to treat seeping liquids and are covered by soil as the wastes are compacted and deposited into the landfills.

hazardous wast causing danger from chemicals and infectious organisms

hazardous waste-emitting radiation from nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons factories, and nuclear equipment in hospitals and industry.

the total variety of plant and animal species in a particular place; biological diversity

the layer in the upper atmosphere located between 30 and 45 kilometers above the Earth's surface where stratospheric ozone is most densely concentrated. The ozone layer acts as a filter for the Sun's harmful ultraviolet rays

the first international convention aimed at addressing the issue of ozone depletion. Held in 1985, the Vienna Convention was the predecessor to the Montreal Protocol

an international agreement signed in 1987 by 105 countries and the European Community (now European Union). The protocol called for a reduction in the production and consumption of chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) of 50 percent by 2000. Subsequent meetings in London (1990) and Copenhagen (1992) accelerated the timing of CFC phaseout, and a worldwide complete ban has been in effect since 1996.globalization the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact. The processes of globalization transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and scales

label used to refer to the following fundamental principles of free trade: 1)that free trade raises the well-being of all countries by inducing them to devote their resources to production of those goods they produce relatively most efficiently; and 2) that competition through trade raises a country's long-term growth rate by expanding access to global technologies and promoting innovation

the notion that locals should be engaged in deciding what development means for them and how it should be achieved

a barter system whereby a local currency is created through which members trade services or goods in a local network separated from the formal economy

ownership of the same firm of a number of companies that exist along a variety of points on a commodity chain

the interaction of two or more agents or forces so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects

people or corporations who control access to information

ownership of the same firm of a number of companies that exist at the same point on a commodity chain

defined by Manuel Castells as a set of interconnected nodes without a center

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

Immune system disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which over a period of years weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight off infection so that weight loss and weakness set in and other afflictions such as cancer or pneumonia may hasten an infected person's demise

series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market

Centers or nodes of high-technology research and activity around which a high-technology corridor is sometimes established.

The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages; the opposite of language divergence

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

the term applied to the social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce and manufacturing that resulted from technological innovations and specialization in late-eighteenth-century Europe

The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture. Often used to describe immigrant adaptation to new places of residence

A region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity. For example, in the United States, "the South" and "the Mid-Atlantic region" are perceptual regions

Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery