Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /AP Psych Unit 4 Part 2
AP Psych Unit 4 Part 2
This deck covers key concepts from AP Psychology Unit 4 Part 2, focusing on learning theories, memory processes, and reinforcement schedules.
fixed interval schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
fixed interval schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
variable interval schedule
In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
punishment
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of i...
latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
fixed interval schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
variable interval schedule | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
punishment | An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. |
cognitive map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. |
latent learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
intrinsic motivation | A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake |
extrinsic motivation | A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment |
learning | A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
observational learning | Learning by observing others |
modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
mirror neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. |
prosocial behavior | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. |
memory | The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
flashbulb memory | A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 351) |
encoding | The processing of information into the memory system--for example, by extracting meaning |
storage | The retention of encoded information over time |
retrieval | The process of getting information out of memory storage |
sensory memory | The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system |
short-term memory | Activated memory that holds a few items briefly |
long-term memory | Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system |
working memory | A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
automatic processing | Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings |
effortful processing | Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
rehearsal | The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
spacing effect | The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
serial position effect | Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
visual encoding | The encoding of picture images |
acoustic encoding | The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. |
semantic encoding | The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words |
imagery | Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding |