AP Psychology ALL Terms Part 10

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

the four stages of sexual responding described by Matsters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

one of the phases of the sexual response cycle; characterized by the genital areas becoming engorged with blood, causing the man's penis to become partially erect and the woman's clitoris to swell and the inner lips covering her vagina to open up

one of the phases of the sexual response cycle; characterized by the excitement peaking as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase. The penis becomes fully engorged. Orgasm feels imminent.

one of the phases of the sexual response cycle; characterized by observed muscle contractions all over the body and further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates, followed by ejaculation in men and orgasm in women.

one of the phases of the sexual response cycle; characterized by the body slowly returning to its unaroused state

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

a subfield of psychology that studies and advises on workplace behavior. Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists help organizations select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, and design products and assess responses to them

goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and, thus, should be directed from above.

assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity.

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus spontaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

Schachter's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a "neutral" level defined by our prior experience

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

Information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

counterpart to the Oedipus complex for females

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated (ie thumb sucking)

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. (ie changing "I hate him" to "I love him")

defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others (ie changing "I don't trust him" to "He doesn't trust me" ... "The thief thinks everyone else is a thief")

defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. (ie kicking the dog)

in psychoanalytic theory, the defense mechanism by which people rechannel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

the most widely reserached and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate

the perception that one controls one's own fate

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month in which major body systems develop.

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth in which the first bone cells appear.

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple.

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty in taking another's point of view.

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict.

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

(1) a sense of one's identity and personal worth. (2) all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

the first menstrual period.

one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning.

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

morality at this level of Kohlberg's theory is determined by the will of outside authority (adults such as parents and teachers) and centers around gaining reward or avoiding punishment.

morality at this level of Kohlber'gs theory is determined by approval seeking and law and order. Right and wrong is determined by society's rules. There is respect for authority and majority rule.

in this Kohlberg level right and wrong determined by society's rules which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute or by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equality and justice

theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development.

theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development.

stage theorist who focused on the adolescent crisis of Erik Erikson and came up for four stages that adolescents pass through while seeking an identity.

theorist who studied psychosocial development across the lifespan.

Erikson's name for the crisis of adolescence.

an individual's basic disposition, which is evident from infancy and is generally stable across the lifespan

researcher that highlighted the importance of physical contact comfort in the formation of attachments with parents (monkeys)

attachment style in which infants are able to explore, are upset when their caregiver leaves and happy when their caregiver returns

attachment style in which they are less likely to explore with parent present, protest when they leave, and not comforted when they return

attachment style in which they seek little contact with their caregiver and are not distressed when the caregiver leaves