Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /AP Psychology ALL Terms Part 5
AP Psychology ALL Terms Part 5
This deck covers essential concepts from AP Psychology, focusing on memory, cognition, and problem-solving. Each flashcard presents a term with its definition to aid in understanding and retention.
working memory
a similar concept that focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
working memory
a similar concept that focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meaning
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practiced
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
working memory | a similar concept that focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information |
automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meaning |
effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
rehearsal | the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practiced |
serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
semantic encoding | the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words |
acoustic encoding | the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words |
visual encoding | the encoding of picture images |
imagery | mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding |
mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
echoic memory | momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled with 3 or 4 seconds |
long-term potentiation (LPT) | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
amnesia | the loss of memory |
implicit memory | retention without conscious recollection (of skills and dispositions) (aka procedural memory) |
explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and 'declare' (aka declarative memory) |
hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage |
recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test |
recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test |
relearning | a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
déjà vu | the eerie sense that 'I've experienced this before.' Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (aka source misattribution). Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories |
cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering |
concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
prototype | a mental image of best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin) |
algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier--but also more error-prone--use of heuristics |
heuristic | a rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier also more error-prone than algorithms |
insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions |
fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving |
mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem. |
functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, an impediment to problem solving |