Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /AP Psychology ALL Terms Part 6
AP Psychology ALL Terms Part 6
This deck covers important psychological concepts such as heuristics, sleep disorders, and psychoactive drugs, providing definitions and explanations for each term.
representativeness heuristic
a rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; maybe lead one to ignore other relevant information
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
representativeness heuristic
a rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; maybe lead one to i...
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we ...
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs in judgments
framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
belief bias
the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem...
belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
representativeness heuristic | a rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; maybe lead one to ignore other relevant information |
availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common |
overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs in judgments |
framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
belief bias | the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid |
belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
artificial intelligence (AI) | the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to stimulate human thought processes such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language. Includes practical applications (chess playing, industrial robots, expert systems) and efforts to model human thinking inspired by our current understanding of how the brain works |
computer neural networks | computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells. |
consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environments |
fantasy-prone personality | someone who imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness and who spends considerable time fantasizing |
biological rhythms | periodic physiological fluctuations |
circadian rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
REM sleep | rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. |
alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
sleep | periodic, natural, and reversible loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation |
hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
sleep spindles | burst of rapid, rhythmic brainwave activity during Stage 2 sleep |
delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep (stage 4) |
insomnia | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings. |
night terrors | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmare, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
dream | a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it |
manifest content | according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent content) |
latent content | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream's latent content functions as a safety valve. |
REM rebound | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation |
hypnosis | a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
posthypnotic amnesia | supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist's suggestion |
posthypnotic suggestion | a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
dissociation | a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
hidden observer | Hilgard's term describing a hypnotized subject's awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis |
psychoactive drug | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood |
tolerance | the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect |
withdrawal | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
physical dependence | a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |