Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /AP Psychology ALL Terms Part 7
AP Psychology ALL Terms Part 7
This deck covers key psychological terms related to drug effects, perception, and consciousness, as outlined in Part 7 of AP Psychology terms.
psychological dependence
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
psychological dependence
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
depressants
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
stimulants
drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines and cocaine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
hallucinogens
psychedelic ('mind-manifesting') drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
barbiturates
drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
opiates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they suppress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
psychological dependence | a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
depressants | drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
stimulants | drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines and cocaine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
hallucinogens | psychedelic ('mind-manifesting') drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
barbiturates | drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement |
opiates | opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they suppress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
amphetamines | drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
LSD | a powerful hallucinogenic drug, aka acid |
THC | the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations |
near-death experience | an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations |
dualism | the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact |
monism | the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing |
selective attention | the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect |
visual capture | the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses |
gestalt | an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes |
figure-ground | the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) |
grouping | the perceptual tendency to organize information into coherent groups |
depth perception | the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional, allows us to judge distance |
visual cliff | a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals |
binocular cues | depth cues, such as retinal disparity and converge, that depend on the use of two eyes |
monocular cues | distance cues, such as linear perspective and overlap, available to either eye alone |
retinal disparity | a binocular cue for perceiving depth: the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images the retina receives of an object, the closer the object is to the viewer |
convergence | a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object |
interposition | an MC; if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer |
relative size | an MC; if we assume that two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away |
relative clarity | an MC; because light from distant objects passes through more atmosphere, we perceive hay objects are farther away than sharp, clear objects |
texture gradient | an MC; a gradual change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance. Objects far away appear smaller and more densely packed |
relative height | an MC; we perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away |
relative motion (motion parallax) | As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move |
linear perspective | Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge with distance. The more the lines converge, the greater the perceived distance |
light and shadow | Nearby objects reflect more light to eyes. Given two identical objects, the dimmer one seems farther away |
phi phenomenon | an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession |
perceptual constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change |
shape constancy | perceiving the same shape for objects, even if retinal image changes |
size constancy | perceiving the same size for objects, even if retinal image changes |