Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /AP Psychology Exam Review Part 3
AP Psychology Exam Review Part 3
This deck covers key concepts from AP Psychology, focusing on visual perception, theories of color vision, and principles of conditioning.
Iris
The colorful part of the eye, which constricts or relaxes to adjust the amount of light entering the eye.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Iris
The colorful part of the eye, which constricts or relaxes to adjust the amount of light entering the eye.
Retina
The surface at the back of the eye onto which the lens focuses light rays.
Rods
Highly light-sensitive, but color-insensitive, photoreceptors in the retina that allow vision even in dim light.
Cones
Photoreceptors in the retina that help us to distinguish colors.
Blind Spot
The light-insensitive point at which axons from all of the ganglion cells converge and exit the eyeball.
Optic Chiasm
Part of the bottom surface of the brain where half of each optic nerves fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Iris | The colorful part of the eye, which constricts or relaxes to adjust the amount of light entering the eye. |
Retina | The surface at the back of the eye onto which the lens focuses light rays. |
Rods | Highly light-sensitive, but color-insensitive, photoreceptors in the retina that allow vision even in dim light. |
Cones | Photoreceptors in the retina that help us to distinguish colors. |
Blind Spot | The light-insensitive point at which axons from all of the ganglion cells converge and exit the eyeball. |
Optic Chiasm | Part of the bottom surface of the brain where half of each optic nerves fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. |
Trichromatic Theory | A theory of color vision identifying three types of visual elements, each of which is most sensitive to different wavelengths of light. |
Opponent-Process Theory | A theory of color vision stating that color-sensitive visual elements are grouped into red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white elements. |
Perception | The process through which people take raw sensations from the environment and interpret them, using knowledge, experience, and understanding of the world, so that the sensations become meaningful experiences. |
Psychophysics | An area of research focusing on the relationship between the physical characteristics of environmental stimuli and the psychological experiences those stimuli produce. |
Signal-Detection Theory | A mathematical model of what determines a person's report that a near-threshold stimulus has or has not occurred. |
Just-Noticeable Difference | The smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy. |
Relative Size | A depth cue whereby larger objects are perceived as closer than smaller ones. |
Texture Gradient | A graduated change in the texture, or grain, of the visual field, whereby objects with finer, less detailed textures are perceived as more distant. |
Top-Down Processing | Aspects of recognition that are guided by higher-level cognitive processes and psychological factors such as expectations. |
Parallel Distributed Processing | An approach to understanding object recognition in which various elements of the object are thought to be simultaneously analyzed by a number of widely distributed, but connected, neural units in the brain. |
Classical Conditioning | A procedure in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that elicits a reflex or other response until the neutral stimulus alone comes to elicit a similar response. |
Unconditioned Stimulus | A stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning. |
Unconditioned Response | The automatic or unlearned reaction to a stimulus. |
Conditioned Stimulus | The originally neutral stimulus that, through pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response. |
Conditioned Response | The response that the conditioned stimulus elicits. |
Extinction | The gradual disappearance of operant behavior due to elimination of rewards for that behavior. |
Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction and without further pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. |
Stimulus Generalization | A phenomenon in which a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus. |
Operant Conditioning | A process through which an organism learns to respond to the environment in a way that produces positive consequences and avoids negative ones. |