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AP® Psychology Research Methods Part 3

Psychology20 CardsCreated 2 months ago

This deck covers key concepts in research methods for AP® Psychology, including strengths and weaknesses of different methods, scales of measurement, and types of data analysis.

What are the strengths and weaknesses of this research method? experiments

Strengths: • determine cause and effect relationship between variables • control over confounding variables; Weaknesses: • it can be difficult to generalize from the lab to the real world expensive • time-consuming
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What are the strengths and weaknesses of this research method? experiments
Strengths: • determine cause and effect relationship between variables • control over confounding variables; Weaknesses: • it can be difficult to gene...
What are the strengths and weaknesses of this research method? correlational research
Strengths: • easy to administer surveys or tests • inexpensive • minimal time needed • substantial real-world generalizability Weaknesses: • no contro...
Define: statistics
analysis of numerical data regarding representative samples
__________ data includes numerical measurements and __________ data includes descriptive words.
Quantitative; qualitative
What are the four scales of measurement?
1. nominal 2. ordinal 3. interval 4. ratio
Define: nominal scale
numbers have no meaning except as labels; Example: Girls are designated as 1 and boys are designated as 2.

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TermDefinition
What are the strengths and weaknesses of this research method? experiments
Strengths: • determine cause and effect relationship between variables • control over confounding variables; Weaknesses: • it can be difficult to generalize from the lab to the real world expensive • time-consuming
What are the strengths and weaknesses of this research method? correlational research
Strengths: • easy to administer surveys or tests • inexpensive • minimal time needed • substantial real-world generalizability Weaknesses: • no control over confounding variables • skewed or biased results • establishes a relationship, not causation
Define: statistics
analysis of numerical data regarding representative samples
__________ data includes numerical measurements and __________ data includes descriptive words.
Quantitative; qualitative
What are the four scales of measurement?
1. nominal 2. ordinal 3. interval 4. ratio
Define: nominal scale
numbers have no meaning except as labels; Example: Girls are designated as 1 and boys are designated as 2.
Define: ordinal scale
numbers are used as ranks; Example: The highest score is designated as 1, second highest as 2, third highest as 3, and so on.
Define: interval scale
numbers that have a meaningful difference between them; Example: Temperature: The difference between 10°F and 20°F is the same as between 30°F and 40°F.
Define: ratio scale
numbers that have a meaningful ratio between them on a scale with a real zero point; Example: Weight and height: If you weigh zero pounds, you have no weight. 100 pounds is twice as heavy as 50 pounds.
Would temperature be measured on an interval scale or a ratio scale?
interval; If the temperature is 0°F, there is not 'no temperature.' There is not a meaningful ratio between values. 100°F is not twice as hot as 50°F.
What are descriptive statistics?
numbers that summarize a set of research data from a sample
Define: frequency distribution
an orderly arrangement of scores indicating the frequency of each score
What is the difference between a histogram and a frequency polygon?
A histogram is a bar graph and a frequency polygon is a line graph or a bell curve.
Define and list the three types of: central tendency
Measures of central tendency describe the most typical scores for a set of research data. 1. mode 2. median 3. mean
Define in terms of central tendency: mode
most frequently occurring score in the data set
Define in terms of central tendency: median
the middle score when the data is ordered by size
Define in terms of central tendency: mean
arithmetic average of the scores in the data set
If two scores appear most frequently, the distribution is __________, and if there are three or more appearing most frequently, it is __________.
bimodal; multimodal
Which measure of central tendency is the most representative? The least representative?
mean is usually most representative, unless there are extreme outliers that pull the mean in a particular direction; median is less sensitive to outliers, but is a weak statistic; mode is the least representative
Define: normal distribution
bell-shaped, symmetric curve that represents data about many human characteristics throughout the population