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AP Psychology – Scientific Foundations of Psychology Part 2
This deck covers key concepts related to the scientific foundations of psychology, including research methods, statistical analysis, and important definitions.
confounding variable
in an experiment, a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
confounding variable
in an experiment, a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect
experimenter bias
Bias that occurs when a researcher influences research results in the expected direction.
dependent variable
in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated
Quantitative Research
research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form
Qualitative Research
research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data
informed consent
giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
confounding variable | in an experiment, a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect |
experimenter bias | Bias that occurs when a researcher influences research results in the expected direction. |
dependent variable | in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated |
Quantitative Research | research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form |
Qualitative Research | research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data |
informed consent | giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate |
debriefing | the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants |
descriptive statistics | numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation. |
histogram | a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution |
mode | the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution |
mean | the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores |
median | the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it |
percentile rank | the percentage of scores below a specific score in a distribution of scores |
skewed distribution | a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value |
range | the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
standard deviation | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
normal curve | the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. |
inferential statistics | numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population |
meta-analysis | a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion |
statistical significance | a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
effect size | the strength of a relationship between two or more variables |
validity | the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to |