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Basic Statistics: Key Concepts and Calculations
This deck covers fundamental concepts and calculations in basic statistics, including measures of central tendency, data distributions, and statistical analysis techniques.
Mean
The sum of the items divided by the number of items.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Mean
The sum of the items divided by the number of items.
How to calculate the mean for a frequency distribution?
1- Multiply each data value by its frequency
2- Find the sum of those products
3- Divide that answer by the total frequency of the distribution
Median
The data item in the exact middle number.
Or the mean of the two middlemost items.
Mode
The value that occurs most Frequently in a data set.
If more than one data value has the highest frequency then each of these data values is a mode.
Midrange
Lowest data value plus the highest data value divided by two
Range
Highest data value minus the lowest data value
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Mean | The sum of the items divided by the number of items. |
How to calculate the mean for a frequency distribution? | 1- Multiply each data value by its frequency
2- Find the sum of those products
3- Divide that answer by the total frequency of the distribution |
Median | The data item in the exact middle number.
Or the mean of the two middlemost items. |
Mode | The value that occurs most Frequently in a data set.
If more than one data value has the highest frequency then each of these data values is a mode. |
Midrange | Lowest data value plus the highest data value divided by two |
Range | Highest data value minus the lowest data value |
Frequency distribution | Table with two columns
column one has data values
Column two has the frequency that data occurs |
Inferential statistics | Making generalizations about drawing conclusions from data |
Descriptive statistics | Concerned with collecting, organizing, summarizing, and presenting data |
Measures of disbursement | Used to describe the spread of data items in a data set |
Percentiles | Example: if I score is in the 45th percentile this means that 45% of the scores were less than that score |
Z-score | Describes how many standard deviation’s a particular data item lives above or below the mean. The formula to find the Z score equals the data item minus the mean divided by standard deviation. |
Normal distribution
AKA Gaussian distribution | On a graph it would appear to be a bell curve. The mean, median and mode are all equal and located at the center. |
Standard deviation | Found by determining how much each data item differs from the mean.
A complicated formula involving square root. |
Random sample | A sample obtained in such a way that every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample |
Quartiles | Data sets divided into four equal parts.
First quartile: up to 25th percentile
Second quartile: 50th percentile
Third quartile: 75th percentile |