Human Geography Vocabulary Part 5

a small bit of foreign territory lying within a state but not under its jurisdiction

(syn Common Market) an economic association established in 1957 by a number of Western European countries to promote free trade among its members

a portion of a state that is separated from the main territory and surrounded by another country

as established in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, a zone of exploitation extending 200 nautical miles seaward from the a coastal state that has exclusive mineral and fishing rights over it

a state whose territory contains isolated parts, separated and discontinuous

(syn boundary dispute) a disagreement between neighboring states over policies to be applied to their common border; often induced by differing customs regulations, movement of nomadic groups, or illegal immigration or emigration

(syn artificial boundary) a boundary without obvious physical geographic basis; often a section of a parallel of latitude or a meridian of longitude

branch of political geography treating national power, foreign policy, and international relations as influenced by geographic considerations of location, space, resources, and demography

to redraw voting district boundaries in such a way as to give one political party maximum electoral advantage and to reduce that of another party, to fragment voting blocks, or to achieve other nondemocratic objectives

the belief of Halford Mackinder that the interior of Eurasia provided a likely base for world conquest

the policy of a state wising to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state

a culturally distinctive group of people occupying a specific territory and bound together by a sense of unity arising from shared ethnicity, beliefs, and customs

a sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interest of a particular country or nation; an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals

a state whose territory is identical to that occupied by a particular ethnic group or nation

(syn physical boundary) a boundary line based on recognizable physiographic features, such as mountains or rivers

a state whose territory is interrupted by a separate, independent state totally contained within its borders

(syn natural boundary) a boundary line based on recognizable physiographic features, such as mountains or rivers

a branch of human geography concerned with the spatial analysis of political phenomena

(syn boundary dispute) disagreement about the actual location of a boundary

a state of basically compact form but with one or more narrow extensions of territory

group, frequently ethnic group, identification with a particular region of a state rather than with the state as a whole

a former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape features

disagreement over the control or use of shared resources, such as boundary rivers or jointly claimed fishing grounds

the belief of Nicholas Spykman that domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide a base for world conquest

desired regional autonomy expressed by a culturally distinctive group within a larger, politically dominant culture

(syn country) an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory and having full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs

a boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area

a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern

term applied to associations created by three or more states for their mutual benefit and achievement of shared objectives

(syn boundary dispute, functional dispute) disagreement between states over the control of surface area

systematic open and covert action employing fear and terror as a means of political coercion

a code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide exclusive economic zones

those products or services of an urban economy that are exported outside the city itself, earning income for the community

the nucleus or "downtown" of a city, where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated, mass transit systems converge, and land values and building densities are high

that part of the metropolitan area contained within the boundaries of the main city around which suburbs have developed

an urban or other settlement node whose primary function is to porovide goods and services to the consuming population of its hinterland, complementary region, or trade area

a deductive theory formulated by Christaller to explain the size and distribution of settlements through reference to competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed rural populations

German geographer credited with development central place theory

a multifunctional nucleated settlement with a CBD and both residential and nonresidential land uses

(syn zonal model) a model describing urban land uses as a series of circular belts or rings around a core CBD, each ring housing a distinct type of land use

a continuous, extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding cities

the manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic sector of a city's labor force; functions of a city performed to satisfy demands external to the city itself and, in that performance, earning income to support the urban population

distinct sizable nodal concentration of retail and office space of lower than central city densities and situated on the outer fringes of older metropolitan areas; usually localized by or near major highway intersections

a restricted access subdivision or neighborhood, often surrounded by a barrier, with entry permitted only for residents and their guests; usually totally planned in land use and design, with "residents only" limitations on public streets and parjs

the movement into the inner portions of American cities of middle- and upper-income people who replace low-income populations, rehabilitate the structures they occupied, and change the social character of neighborhoods

in the US, a large functionally integrated settlement area compromising one or more whole county units and usually containing several urbanized areas; discontinuously built up, it operates as a coherent economic while

the postulate that large cities develop by peripheral spread not from one central business district but from several nodes of growth, each of specialized use. The separately expanding use districts eventually coaliesce at their margins

the direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity; in urban geography, the expected addition of nonbasic workers and dependents to a city's total employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment

two or more nearby cities, potentially or actually complementary in function, that cooperate by developing transportation links and communications infrastructure joining them

(service sector) those economic activities of an urban unit that supply the resident population with goods and services and that have no "export" implication

a country's leading city, disproportionately larger and functionally more complex than any other; a city dominating an urban hierarchy composed of a base of small towns and an absence of intermediate-sized cities

an observed regularity in the city-size distribution of some country. In a rank-size hierarchy, the population of any given town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy; the nth-ranked city will be 1/n the size of the largest city

a description of urban land uses as wedge-shaped sectors radiating outward from the CBD along transportation corridors. The radial access routes attract particular uses to certain sectors, with high-status residential uses occupying the most desirable wedges

(syn nonbasic sector) those economic activities of an urban unit that supply the resident population with goods and services and that have no "export" implication

a functionally specialized segment of a large urban complex located outside the boundaries of the central city; usually, a relatively homogeneous residential community, separately incorporated and administered

a nucleated settlement that contains a CBD but that is small and less functionally complex than a city

a ranking of cities based on their size and functional complexity

an area outside of a city that is nevertheless affected by the city

a continuously built-up urban landscape defined by building and population densities with no reference to the political boundaries of the city; it may contain a central city and many contiguous towns, suburbs, and unincorporated areas

one of a small number of interconnected,internationally dominant centers (eg London, NY) that together control the global systems of finance and commerce

the spatial grouping of people or activities for mutual benefits; the concentration of productive enterprises for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources and market access

external economics : the savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as factories or retail stores

a location where goods are transferred from one type of carrier to another eg barge to railroad

the principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trades exists

the process of deconcentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs of congestion, competition, and regulation

an activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant

a firm with manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting activities or product is not important in determining location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation

the manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford.

the purchase or construction of foreign factories and other fixed assets by transnational corporations; also purchase of or merging with foreign companies

the charge levied by a transported for the loading, moving, and unloading of goods. Includes line-haul costs and terminal costs

the basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development; included are transport and communications, along with water, power, and other public utilities

the application of a single-haul freight rate from origin to destination even though the shipment is halted for processing en route, after which the journey is completed

(synonym Weberian analysis) the view that the optimum location ofa manufacturing establishment is at the place where the costs of transport and labor and the advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration are most favorable

(syn over-the-road costs) the costs involved in the actual physical movement of goods (or passengers); costs of haulage (including equipment and routeway costs), excluding terminal costs

the circumstance under which the locational decision of a particular firm is influenced by the locations chosen by competitors

the point of intersection of demand and supply curves of a given commodity; at equilibrium the market is cleared of the commodity

the tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs

the tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material; happens when material costs are highly variable spatially and/or represent a significant share of total costs

the direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity eg in industrial agglomerations, the cumulative processes by which a given change (new plant openings) sets in motion a sequence of further industrial employment and infrasctructure growth

the relocation of business processes and services to a lower-cost foreign location particularly white-collar, technical, professional, and clerical services

Either 1 producing abroad parts or products for domestic use or sale OR 2. subcontracting production or services rather than performing those activities "in house"

those parts of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration; often considered only as a specialized subdivision of tertiary activities

a sometimes separately recognized subsection of tertiary activity management functions involving highest-level decision making in all types of large organizations; also most advanced form of the quaternary subsector

a less-than-ideal best location, but one providing an acceptable level of utility or satisfaction

those parts of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combining materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value; included are manufacturing, construction, and power generation

an input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located

an input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its amount and its relative share of total costs

the set of points delimiting the area within which a firm's profitable operation is possible

in industry, the tendency to substitute one factor of production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location

(syn fixed costs of transportation) the costs incurred, and charged, for loading and unloading freight at origin and destination points and for the paperwork involved; costs charged each shipment for terminal facility use and unrelated to distnace of movement or line-haul costs

those parts of the economy that fulfill the exchange function, that provide market availability of commodities, and the bring together consumers and providers of services (eg wholesale and retail trade, associated transportational and governmental services)

(syn multinational corporation) a large business organization operating in at least two separate national economies

a market-oriented industry whose establishments are distributed in direct proportion of population

(syn isotropic plain) a hypothetical portion of the earth's surface assumed to be an unbounded, uniformly flat plain with uniform and unvarying distribution of population, purchasing power, transport costs, accessibility, and the like

(syn. least-cost theory) the view that the optimum location of a manufacturing establishment is at the place where the costs of transport and labor and the advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration are most favorable

the science and practice of farming, including the cultivation of the soil and the rearing of stock

production and harvesting of fish and shellfish in land-based ponds

the view that population growth independently forces a conversion from extensive and intensive subsistence agriculture

a system of production of goods and services for exchange in competitive markets where price and availability are determined by supply and demand

the branch of systematic geography concerned with how people support themselves, with the spatial patterns of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, and with the areal variation of economic variation of economic activities over the surface of the earth