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Introduction to Psychology Part 1
This deck covers fundamental concepts and key figures in psychology, exploring theories such as nativism, empiricism, behaviorism, and cognitive psychology, as well as important ethical guidelines in psychological research.
What is Psychology?
The study of mind and behavior.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What is Psychology?
The study of mind and behavior.
What is Nativism (Nature)?
Nativism is the theory that knowledge is innate and inborn. Our biological endowment makes up who we are.
What is Empiricism (Nurture)?
Empiricism is the idea that we gain knowledge through experience and surroundings. Our environment makes up who we are.
Plato
He believes in the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate and inborn (nativism/nature).
Aristotle
He believes in philosophical empiricism which states that knowledge is gained through experience.
Wilhelm Wundt
He believes in the idea of structuralism. Structuralism is when you analyze the brain by breaking it down to its main components.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is Psychology? | The study of mind and behavior. |
What is Nativism (Nature)? | Nativism is the theory that knowledge is innate and inborn. Our biological endowment makes up who we are. |
What is Empiricism (Nurture)? | Empiricism is the idea that we gain knowledge through experience and surroundings. Our environment makes up who we are. |
Plato | He believes in the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate and inborn (nativism/nature). |
Aristotle | He believes in philosophical empiricism which states that knowledge is gained through experience. |
Wilhelm Wundt | He believes in the idea of structuralism. Structuralism is when you analyze the brain by breaking it down to its main components. |
William James | He believes in the idea of functionalism. Functionalism is when you see how someone functions or adapts to new aspects in their environment. |
John Watson | He believed that psychology and the mind was not able to be studied through scientific inquiry. Instead, he was a behaviorist who focused more so the actions of humans to explain their train of thought. |
B.F. Skinner | He was another behaviorist that believed in Pavlov's experiments and Watson's theories. He studied how behavior was learned according to circumstance. |
Sigmund Freud | He came up with psychoanalytic theory which is very much so used today. Psychoanalysis is the study of unconscious mind and how it affects a person's thoughts, feelings, and emotions. |
Behaviorism | An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study objectively observable behavior. |
Cognitive Psychology | The scientific study of mental processes including perception, thought, memory, and experience. |
Evolutionary Psychology | A psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection (Influenced by Darwin, James, and EO Wilson). |
Humanistic Psychology | An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings. |
Social Psychology | A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal studies. |
Cultural Psychology | Study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members. |
Emergence of Cognitive Psychology | It became a thing when Max Wertheimer began to study illusions and errors when it came to the mind. He came up with the Gestalt theory that states that we rather perceive the 'sum' over the 'parts'. Kurt Lewin believed that we saw the world as we saw it and not at all how it actually was. The invention of computers made most psychologists ignore this and see psychology objectively. |
Operational Definition | It is the description of a property in concrete, measurable terms. For example, you can operationally define happiness as the amount of times that someone smiles. |
Dependent variable | A variable whose value depends on another variable. |
Independent variable | A variable who is manipulated for an experiment, but does not depend on another. |
Reliability | It is the tendency for an instrument to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing. |
Power | An instrument's ability to detect change in the property. |
Validity | The goodness with which a concrete event defines a property. |
Demand Characteristics | The aspects of an observational setting that caused people to behave as they think they should. |
What is a correlation? | They are two variable that are said to be correlated when variation of one variable is synchronized with the variation in the value of another. However, correlation does not equate to causation. |
What is the third variable problem (confounding variable)? | It is the chance that two variable are only related because of each are causally related to a third one. |
What is observer bias? | Observer bias is expectations can influence observation and influence the perception of reality. |
What is a double blind experiment? | In order to avoid observer bias, scientists use a double blind to ensure that the observer and the person being observed are unaware of the experiment. |
Mean, Mode, Range? | Mean= Average of data set, Mode= most recurring value, Range= highest value - lowest value. |
Experimental Group | The group who experience a stimulus. |
Control Group | The group who does not experience a stimulus. |
Case study | A method of gathering scientific knowledge through studying an individual. |
Nuremberg Code of 1947 | The code made after Nazi doctors would perform unethical experiments of people to protect individuals against unjust experimenting. |
Informed consent | Participants may not take part in a psychological study without a written agreement to participate in a study by an adult who has been informed of all risks of participation. |
No coercion | Each participant has the right to confirm or deny participation in a study without being forced or threatened. |
Protection from Harm | Psychologists must take every possible precaution to protect their research participants from any harm. |