Introduction to Psychology Part 2
This deck covers key concepts in psychology including neurons, neurotransmitters, the nervous system, consciousness, and more.
Risk-Benefit ratio
Participants may be asked to accept small forms of pain, such as low wattage shocks. However, they must NOT even be asked to endure more any pain. Psychologist should also demonstrate that social benefits can be made through the knowledge gained from the study.
Key Terms
Risk-Benefit ratio
Participants may be asked to accept small forms of pain, such as low wattage shocks. However, they must NOT even be asked to endure more any pain. ...
Deception
Psychologists may only use deception if it is justified by the study's scientific, educational, and applied value and that alternative procedures c...
Debriefing
A verbal description of a study describing its nature and purpose if the participant is deceived
Confidentiality
Psychologists are obligated to keep private and personal information obtained during a study confidential
Neurons
They are cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks
Name each part of a neuron and how it processes information?
The dendrites receive information and relays it to the cell body. A cell body coordinates the information and keeps the cell alive. The axon carrie...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Risk-Benefit ratio | Participants may be asked to accept small forms of pain, such as low wattage shocks. However, they must NOT even be asked to endure more any pain. Psychologist should also demonstrate that social benefits can be made through the knowledge gained from the study. |
Deception | Psychologists may only use deception if it is justified by the study's scientific, educational, and applied value and that alternative procedures can not be used |
Debriefing | A verbal description of a study describing its nature and purpose if the participant is deceived |
Confidentiality | Psychologists are obligated to keep private and personal information obtained during a study confidential |
Neurons | They are cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks |
Name each part of a neuron and how it processes information? | The dendrites receive information and relays it to the cell body. A cell body coordinates the information and keeps the cell alive. The axon carries this information to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The myelin sheath is a fatty layer covering the axon to insulate it. It is composed of glial cells which is used to support the nervous system. Lastly, the action potential reaches the terminal button, or presynaptic gap to be released into it. This gap between this axon and the dendrites of another is called the synapse. |
Sensory Neurons | It receives information from the outside world and relays it to the spinal cord and brain |
Interneurons | It connects sensory and motor neuron |
Motor Neurons | It receives information from the spinal cord and relays it to the muscle to produce movement |
Mirror Neurons | Neurons that fire when someone you see is performing an action and you are able to empathize similarly to it. |
Synapse | It is the area in which axons are allowed to communicate with one another |
How does a neuron enter and leave a synapse? | It enters through a sodium-potassium pump. It can leave by either being taken up by the post-synaptic cell, it can be broken down by enzymes, through reuptake, and by auto receptors. |
Acetylcholine | It is involved with voluntary motor control. (Alzheimers) |
Dopamine | It is involved with motor behavior, pleasure, and emotional arousal. (Parkinson's disease & Schizophrenia) |
Glutamate | It is the major excitatory neurotransmitter which means that it enhances the transmission of information between neurons |
GABA | It is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter which means it is involved with stopping the firing of neurons |
Norepinephrine | It influences mood and arousal, vigilance, and awareness. |
Seratonin | It is involved with wakefulness, sleeping, eating, and regulation of sleep. |
Endorphins | They act as pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain (Runner's high) |
Peripheral Nervous System | It connects CNS to the body's organs and muscles |
Somatic & Autonomic Nervous System | PNS: |
Autonomic Subdivisions | ANS: Sympathetic are the group of nerves that prepares the body for action in threatening situations. Parasympathetic helps the body return to normal settings. |
Central Nervous System | It is composed of the brain and the spinal cord |
Different Lobes of the Brain and their functions? | Frontal: movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement |
Other areas of the brain and their main functions? | Amygdala: It plays a role in emotional processes and memories, particularly fear |
Phineas Gage | A 3-foot, 13 lbs. iron rod struck his head high speed and went through lower left jaw and exited the middle of his frontal lobe. Before the accident, he was quiet mannered and nice. After, he became irritable and rude. |
Consciousness | A person's subjective experience to the outside world and mind |
Four properties of consciousness | Unity: Resistance to division |
What is "the problem of other minds"? | The fundamental difficulty we have of perceiving the consciousness of others. How do you know if someone is conscience? Just because they tell you they are? And how can you tell if another person's experience is anything like yours? |
What is the "mind/body problem"? | How is the mind related to the brain and body? Descartes is famous for believing that the mind and body are two separate entities. However; Your brain is getting started to do before you can even think about it. |
Levels of Consciousness: Minimal? Full? Self-consciousness? | Minimal: Low level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior |
Change blindness | A network of brain regions that are active even when the individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest |
Default Network | A network of brain regions that are active even when the individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest |
Freud and the Unconscious Mind | Dynamic Unconscious: an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the deepest instincts and desires, and the struggle to control them. With repression, these memories are held in the reccesses of the dynamic unconscious |
Thought suppression and the rebound effect of thought suppression? And ironic processes of mental control? | Suppression is the conscious decision to avoid a thought. The rebound effect is the tendency for a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression. The ironic processes of mental control is the ironic errors that occur when trying not to produce them |
Stages of sleep | Awake (Alpha-beta waves) |