Mors 200 Arts Final - Chapter 14 Discovering Psychology Notes

Troubling thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that cause psychological discomfort or interfere with a person’s ability to function.

Drugs that are used to treat psychological or mental disorders.

Developed psychoanalysis in the early 1900s.

Early childhood experiences provided the foundation for later personality development. (become repressed)

Long-standing psychological conflicts are recognized and re-experienced.

Free association

Resistance

Dream interpretation

Interpretation

Transference

Pushed out of conscious awareness.

Therapeutic contact lasts for no more than a few months

The patient’s problems are quickly assessed at the beginning of therapy

The therapist and patient agree on specific, concrete, and attainable goals.

Therapists are more direct than psychoanalysts.

Engage the patient in an active dialogue.

Focuses on current relationships and social interactions.

First phase: The therapist identifies the interpersonal problem that is causing difficulties.

unresolved grief

Role disputes

Role transitions

Interpersonal deficits

Used to treat eating disorders and substance use disorders as well as major depressive disorder.

Problems dealing with the death of significant others.

Repetitive conflicts with significant others, such as the person’s partner, family members, friends, or co-workers.

Problems involving major life changes, such as going away to college, becoming a parent, getting married or divorced, or retiring.

Absent or faulty social skills that limit the ability to start or maintain healthy relationships with others.

Emphasizes human potential, self-awareness, and freedom of choice.

Contend that the most important factor in personality is the individual’s conscious, subjective perception of his or her self.

People are innately good and motivated by the need to grow psychologically.

Deliberately used the word client rather than patient.

Patient implied that people are sick and were seeking treatment from an all-knowing authority figure who could heal or cure them.

Client-centered therapy founder- Believed that three qualities of the therapist were necessary:

Genuineness

Unconditional positive regard

Empathic understanding

Believed that people develop psychological problems largely because they an consistently experienced only conditional acceptance.

Means that the therapist honestly and openly shares her thoughts and feelings with the client.

The therapist must value, accept, and care for the client, whatever her problems or behavior.

Fosters the person’s natural tendency to move toward self-fulfilling decisions without fear of evaluation or rejection.

Reflect the content and personal meaning of the feelings being experienced by the client.

Creates a psychological mirror, reflecting the client’s thoughts and feelings as they exist in the client’s private inner world.

Requires the therapist to listen actively for the personal meaning beneath the surface of what the client is saying.

Rogers believed that when the therapeutic atmosphere contains genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding, change is more likely to occur. The client is moving in the direction towards this.

Designed to help clients overcome the mixed feelings or reluctance they might have about committing to change.

More frequently applied to addictions, techniques to improve health

More directive than traditional client-centered therapy

When the client expresses reluctance, the therapist acknowledges the mixed feelings and redirects the emphasis toward change.

Founder: Sigmund Freud

Source of problems: Repressed, unconscious conflicts stemming from early childhood experiences- Treatment techniques: free association, analysis of dream content, interpretation, and transference.

Goals of therapy: To recognize, work through, and resolve long-standing conflicts.

Founder: Carl Rogers

Source of problems: Conditional acceptance that causes the person to develop a distorted self-concept and worldview.

Treatment techniques: Nondirective therapists who displays unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding.

Goals of therapy: To develop self-awareness, self- acceptance, and self-determination

Founder: Based on classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.

Source of problems: Learned maladaptive behavior patterns

Treatment techniques: Systemic desensitization, virtual reality, aversive conditioning, reinforcement and extinction, token economy, contingency management interventions, observational learning

Goals of therapy: To unlearn maladaptive behaviors and replace them with adaptive, appropriate behaviors.

One of John Watson’s students (little albert experiment) who wanted to explore ways to reverse conditioned fears.

Counterconditioning

Widely regarded as one of the first behavioral psychologists.

Laid the groundwork for:

Exposure therapy

Systematic desensitization

The patient learns progressive relaxation

The therapist helps the patient construct an anxiety hierarchy (exposure hierarchy). The patient also develops an image of a relaxing control sense.

Involves the actual process of desensitization through exposure to feared experiences.

Works their way up the hierarchy

In vivo systematic desensitization

Involves successfully relaxing one muscle group after another until a deep state of relaxation is achieved.

A list of anxiety-provoking images associated with the feared situation, arranged in a hierarchy from least to most anxiety-producing.

An example is walking on a secluded beach on a sunny day.

Exposure to the actual feared situation.

Involves patients visually following the waving finger of a therapist while simultaneously holding a mental image of disturbing memories, events, or situations.

Developed the operant conditioning model of learning.

Shaping

Positive and negative reinforcement

Extinction

Baseline rate

Token economy

Contingency management

Based on the simple principal that behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences.

Involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior. (operant conditioning)

Used for mentally disabled by autism spectrum, intellectual disability, severe mental illness

Used to increase the incidence of desired behaviors.

The absence of reinforcement, used to reduce the occurrence of undesired behaviors.

How often each problem occurred before treatment began.

Allows therapists to objectively measure the child's progress.

A modified version of the token economy. Involves carefully specified behaviors that "earn" the individual concrete rewards.

More narrowly focused on one or a small number of specific behaviors.

"You largely feel the way you think"

Trained as both a clinical psychologist and a psychoanalyst.

Developed the rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)- people are not disturbed by things, rather their view of things.

ABC model

A: Activating event

B: Beliefs

C: Consequences

When an activating event occurs, it is the person's beliefs about the event that cause the consequences.

It is a dire necessity for you to be loved or approved by virtually everyone in your community.

You must be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible respects if you are to consider yourself worthwhile.

Certain people are bad, wicked, or villainous, and they should be severely blamed and punished for their villainy. You should become extremely upset over other people's wrongdoings.

It is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way you would very much like them to be.

Human unhappiness is extremely caused, and you have little or no ability to control your bad feelings and emotions.

It is easier to avoid than to face difficulties and responsibilities. Avoiding difficulties whenever possible is more likely to lead to happiness than facing difficulties.

You need to rely on someone stronger than yourself.

Your past history is an all-important determinant of your present behavior. Because something once strongly afflicted your life, it should indefinitely have similar effect.

You should become extremely upset over other people's problems.

There is a single perfect solution to all human problems, and it is catastrophic if this perfect solution is not found.

Initially trained as a psychoanalyst.

Developed the cognitive theory (CT) out of his research on depression.

Found his patients do not have a need to suffer.

Depressed people have an extremely negative view of the past, present, and future.

Negative cognitive bias- Focuses on correcting the cognitive biases that underline major depressive disorder and other psychological disorders

Caused by distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs.

Consistently distorting their experiences in a negative way.

Arbitrary inference

Selective abstraction

Overgeneralization

Magnification and minimization

Personalization

Help the client learn to recognize and monitor the automatic thoughts that occur without conscious effort or control.

The therapists help the client learn how to empirically test the reality of the automatic thoughts that are so upsetting.

CT therapists act as a model

Collaboration

Used to treat MDD, anxiety disorders, BPD, eating disorders, PTSD, and relationship problems.

Founder: Albert Ellis

Source of problems: Irrational beliefs

Treatment techniques: very directive - Identify, logically dispute, and challenge irrational beliefs.

Goals of therapy: surrender of irrational beliefs and absolutist demands.

Founder: Aaron T. Beck

Source of problems: Unrealistic, distorted perceptions and interpretations of events due to cognitive biases.

Treatment techniques: Directive collaboration - Teach client to monitor automatic thoughts, test accuracy of conclusions; correct distorted thinking and perception.

Goals of therapy: Accurate and realistic perception of self, others, and external events.

Encourages the client to contribute to the evaluation of the logic and accuracy of automatic thoughts.