Mors 200 Arts Final - NFDA Cremation 1

Alaska

Hawaii

Massachusetts

Pennslyvania

District of Columbia

Written authorization form (45 states)

Identification prior to cremation (37 states)

Crematory inspection (39 states)

Crematory operator training (23 states)

Written receipts required (29 states)

Authorized disposition of unclaimed remains (42 states)

Principals of conduct based on values related to good and right behavior that guide personal as well as business decisions and actions.

Also addresses the manner in which human remains and cremated human remains are treated by the network of individuals responsible for an array of caring, compassionate, and proper cremation services to families.

Environmental protection practices to avoid emission of pollutants to the atmosphere

use equipment and cremation container materials that minimize pollution, refrain from using certain polluting materials, energy conservation.

Religious and cultural practices regarding the proper treatment of the dead and cremated remains.

Do everything possible to assist families in making arrangements that are compatible with a cremation family’s culture and religious traditions- profession based on sacred trust.

Service to families

Obligations to the public

Obligations to the government

Ethical obligaton to serve each family in a professional and caring manner, being respectful of their wishes and confidences. being honest and fair in all dealings with them, and being considerate of those of lesser means.

Treat the deceased with dignity and respect at all times

Treat information regarding the deceased with confidentiality and integrity.

Offer services to all without regard to religion, race, national origin, gender, sexual orientation or disability.

Verify that all necessary paperwork is in order and will not perform cremation unless proper authorization is granted by the Authorizing Agent(s) and proper medical authorities

All all times maintain the standards and obligations of the crematory that I represent

Properly account for and remit any monies, documents or personal property belonging to others that come into my possession.

Funeral service professionals have an ethical obligation to the public to offer their services and to operate their business in accordancewith the highest prinicpals of honesty, fair dealing, and professionalism.

No representation, written or oral, that may be false or misleading or that is likely to defraud or deceive the public.

Maintain the crematory facility in a clean, orderly, safe fashion at all times.

Accomodate public requests for crematory tours and educational opportunities.

Follow safety and environmental standards when using crematory equipment and use PPE

Not cremate more than one deceased person in the same cremation unit nor intentionally commingle CR, unless written authorization is granted by the Authorizing Agent(s).

Only cremate human remains in a crematory intended for human remains and cremate animal remains only in a crematory intended for animal remains.

Be a good steward, always conscious of maintaining a positive public image and reputation in the community.

Abide by provisions of the NFDA CCO Statement of Use regarding the appropriate and responsible use of the COO designation.

Continue professional education

Conduct yourself at all times in a manner that deserves public trust.

Maintain strict compliance with the letter and spirit of all governmental laws and regulations that impact the funeral consumer, the funeral profession, and the public health.

NFDA CCO program objective is to promote and enhance strict ethical obligations and compliance with laws and regulations affecting the funeral consumer, and encourage the highest standards of funeral professional excellence through voluntary certification.

Continue to hold necessary licenses

Operate the crematory in compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

Return cremated remains with upmost dignity and respect

Explain identification system (important way to build client confidence).

Take time to address each client’s questions or fears (best kind of customer service)- will likely share positive experience with others.

1/4 of adults rely on other people for news and information about local businesses.

Have an open door policy- accomodate requests from potential clients (professional and consumer)

keep up with housekeeping

do not permit unauthorized people in crematory

Choosing cremation does not limit service and merchandise options, but the family may not know this. Explain range of alternatives available.

Families need to understand that cremation is a process that prepares the loved one’s remains for permanent memoralization.

Cremation families must make a decision regarding the place of final rest for cremated remains of the deceased.

Same standards of care, compassion, and attention to personal preferences and needs as when dealing with burial families.

Actively listen to the family to learn about the unique line of the loved one in order to help the family plan an arrangement that is meaningful. fitting, and appropriate.

Earth burial

Placement in an indoor or outdoor columbarium

Scattering (irreversible act)

Inurnment and kept at home

Oldest is in Australia (25,000 BP)

Neolithic sites in the Americas (11,500 BP)

Europe (9,700 BP in Switzerland)

Middle East

China

Cremation appears to have been a popular practice.

Urnfield culture practices cremation in East Central Europe and northern Italy from 2,700 BP.

Spread to Ukraine, Sicily, Scandinavia, and France to Iberia

Cremation became the predominant disposition over approximately this time.

Based on cultural and religious factors.

Cremation ranged from being reserved for the wealthiest, the poorest, never being used, or as the standard approach to handling the dead.

Cremation is mentioned in the writings, literature, and scriptures of both eastern and western ancient civilizations as either the preferred choice or as an acceptable, honorable method of disposing the dead.

Practiced in India and Greece- two civilizatons that embraced both metaphysical and mythical reasons to cremate.

Cremation dominated the ancient Western world from approximately 3,000 BP (when thought to have been introduced by the Greeks) until the beginning of the Christian era.

Egyptians

Chinese

Hebrews

Underscores the importance of the ritual cremation pyre to the warrior traidtion in ancient Greece, as the only appropriate conclusion to an epic life.

Hold th properties of cremation to honor the dead in the highest regard.

became a status symbol

Speculation by historians that widespread cremation in this empire became a practical threat to wood supplies needed for strategic purposes of the empire.

Focused on the resurrection of the body.

“unimaginable” to the Greeks

Followed the Jewish traidition of burial

Contirbutes to the demise of cremation

Nearly 1,500 years

Only on extraordinary occasions (outbreaks of plagues)

Wrote the first modern book in 1658 advocating cremation as an alternative to burial.

Promoted cremation in a short-lived attempt to "dechristianize funeral rites."

There was no strong European movement to promote the practice of cremation until the late nineteenth century.

Idea revived at the 1869 International Medical Congress of Florence, when cremation was promoted "in the name of public health and civilization."

1873- Italian professor exhibited cremated remains at the Vienna International Exposition

Wrote Cremation: The Treatment of the Body after Death

Highly influential on both sides of the Atlantic

Promulgated the idea of cremation as "a necessary sanitary precaution against the propagaton of disease."

Founded the cremation society of Great Britian

Went on public record to disapprove burial.

Purpose: substitute some mode which shally rapidly resolve the body into its component elements, by a process which cannot offend the living, and shall render the remains perfectly innocuous. Until some better method is devised, desire to adopt that usually known as cremation.

Used a cremation apparatus designed by Italian professor Paolo Gorini, who supervised its construction.

Drew strong opposition by local residents- petitioned the British Home Secretary to close down the operation

resulted in threat of legal preceedings

Cremation became legal in Great Britian in 1884 provided that it was not a nusiance to others.

In 1902, Parliment formally passed this act, regulations were posted the following year.

European movement legitimizing cremation first spread to the United States in the mid-1870's- due to Thompson's book as well as publications fron nearly every country in Europe.

Movement led by US Cremationists- Mainly protestant clergy and medical professionals

Protestant clergy- wanted to simplify extravagant burial practices.

Medical professionals- protect the public from what contemporary public health advocates as unsanitary cemetery practices and unhealthy conditions related to burial of the dead.

Built by Dr. Francis J. LeMoyne in Washington, Pennslyvania

Second crematory: Lancaster, Pennslyvania (1884)

New york cremation society organized in 1881

25 crematories in the US by 1900

By 1913 the Cremation Association of American was established

American cremation proponents shifted their efforts from legitimizing cremation on the basis of arguing for simpler and more sanitary funerary practices.

to building, from being idealists to becoming managers

Cremation evolved into a business as American funeral ritualization practices, architecture, and technology- and the culture- all changed.

utilizing fuel that produced smoke and noise

Preheating requirements up to 24 hours

Initial blazes when inserting the decedent

Inability to separate cremated remains from the fuel

By 1940- most technological problems resolved through use of indirectly fired oil furnaces that produced little smoke, noise or odor. Cremation movement grew during this technological advancement.

Archetect and mortuary expert

Bodies cremated in a casket

Case (container and remains) was placed on a cold retort before firing

Originated in 1963 with the Roman Catholic Church ending its ban on cremation and the publication of Jessica Mitford's: The American Way of Death.

Mitford advocated cremation as an inexpensive alternative to burial.

Instigated widespread cirticism of the American Funeral Industry

Calls for reform resulted in the FTC's Funeral rule (1984, revised July, 1994)

Prevailing in India (ancient practice)

Japan- 99+%

China and Russia- 50%

Singapore 80%

Hong Kong 90%

UK rate- 74%

Canada and Australia- 60%

Netherlands- 58%

Scandinavian cities- 70%

Results of decreasing burial space in concentrated urban areas

Muslims

Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches

Conservative and Orthodox Judaism

Mormon Church- discourages but does not forbid it

Cremation is traidionally part of the funeral ceremony.

Important for the funeral director to be educated on different cultural, ethnic, and religious grounds in their communities.

Price considerations

Environmental concerns

Weakening religious opposition and restrictions

Rapidly changing consumer preferences about funeral practices (trend toward simple services)

Us Adults 40 and over- 54% (when chosing own disposition)

Cremation rate 2011- 42.2%

2014- 46.7%

2015- 58.2%

2020- 55.8%

Number of deaths predicted to move from 2.2 million in 2011 to 3.2 million in 2030

National cemetery rate project to reach 70.6%

3.2% will hamper industry revenue to 2019

40% of funeral homes own and operate crematories

Survivor focused rather than tradition and ritual

rise in the number of people who do not identify with religion (increase from 15% to 20%)

Changing consumer preferences

1965- 3.9%

1985- 13.9%

2005- 32.1%

2011- 42.2%

2015- 48.2%

2020- 55.8%

2030- 70.6%

Nevada- 77.8%

Washington- 76.8%

Oregon- 75.2%

Montana- 74.6%

Hawaii- 73.3%

Maine- 71.7%

New Hampshire- 71.7%

Colorado- 70.3%

Mississippi- 19.1%

Alabama- 24.5%

Kentucky- 25.7%

Louisiana- 27.3%

West Virginia- 28.9%

Tennessee- 29.5%

Utah- 32.4%

Arkansas- 34.2%