OCR Biology A - 6.2.1 - Cloning and Biotech Part 1

Carry identical genetic material because they are derived from the same orig. DNA

Process of producing genetically identical cells or organisms from the cells of existing organisms through nonsexual means

Mitosis

Binary fission (bacteria)

Budding (yeast)

Vegetative propagation through runners or suckering

Artificial vegetative propagation through cuttings or micropropagation (tissue culture)

Ability of plants to reproduce w/out sexual reproduction by producing new plants from existing vegetative structures

Non-reproductive tissues e.g. roots, leaves and stems

Cut stem 1/4 “ below internode at 45-60 degrees

Treat cut end w/ rooting hormones

Cover in clear plastic bag

Transfer to another growing medium

To keep it moist and warm

A small piece of tissue

Undifferentiated mass of tissue containing totipotent cells

Cut out explant from vegetative structures (leaf)

Sterilise explant w. alcohol

Place explant in sterile agar w/ glucose, cytokinins and auxins

Subdivide callus and place on growth medium to induce root growth (prepares plant for transplanting)

Transferred to greenhouse to acclimatise before being planted outside

Can produce large no. v. quickly

Can grow plants that dont reproduce easily

No need to wait for seed production

Reproduce sterile plant

Labour intensive and requires skilled workers

Trial and error to find ideal conditions for growth

Undesirable traits also passed on

Can fail to microbial contamination

Side stem grows out from bud at the base of the main stem

Creates new bud and grows a vertical stem

Grow from shallow roots from buds that are normally dormant

Duing times of stress, buds are activated and suckers form many metres away from parents tree (to avoid stress that triggered growth)

Eventually form clonal patch of new trees

Trees in clonal patch put out new sucker buds

Large colonies can form quickly

Allows species to survive catastrophic events

No natural selection

Susceptible to gentic disease; no variation

Runners are overground and suckers are underground

Prevents infection

Competition of resources e.g. oxygen/nutrients if other organisms e.g bacteria and fungi are present

Biological cell forming the body of an organism

Biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually

Some animals can regenerate entire animals from fragments of the orig. (starfish)

Others fragment and form new identical animals as part of their normal reproductive process (flatworms and sponges)

MZ twins form when an early embryo splits and and two foetuses develop from two halves

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Artificial twinning

Extract nucleus from somatic cell from Sheep A

Remove nucleus from egg cell from Sheep B

Insert nucleus from A into innoculated egg(electrofusion)

Stimulates to divide in vitro and implant embryo into sheep C

Get fertilised egg and allow to divide until 16 cell stage

Harvest embryo and split into smaller ones manually

Implant into surrogate mothers which give birth to identical high quality animals

Produce identical clones w/ desirable traits

Stem cell research

Clones so offspring can be produced all year round

Difficult and time consuming

Destruction of embryos unethical

Clones have shorter life expectancies

No genetic identity so selection pressures affects all

Produce clones

Both have surrogates

Divides by mitosis

Unnateral

Expensive

AT forms several clones at once

Gametes meet outside the body is AT

SCNT involves only maternal DNA

No fertilisation in SCNT

Industrial exploitation of living micro-organisms (or parts of them) and biological process to produce useful substances for human use

Easy/ not labour intensive

Obtain pure products if aseptic technique is followed

Can be easily genetically enginerred to produce spp products

Short life cycle

Simple requirements for growth - can be left w/ little intervention

Can be grown v. quickly

Can be grown on waste material from other processes

Brewing - anaerobic respiration of yeast

Baking - yeast

Cheese making - bacteria and rennin

Penicillin production - fermentation by fungus

Insulin production - GM bacteria

Bioremediation

Using microorganisms to clean up pollution

| Convert toxic pollutants to less harmful substances

Uses natural systems

Less labour and equipment required

Treatment can be carried out on site

Few waste products produced

Less risk of harmful exposure to clean-up personnel

Sterilisation - Sterilising equipment in an autoclave (15 mins at 121 degrees)

Inoculation - Introducing a sample of microorganisms to the growth medium

Incubation - Place in a warm environment and place agar plate upside down (condensation)

Agar jelly in a petri dish

| Nutrient broth in a bijoux bottle

Wash hands thoroughly

Disinfect working area

Light and keep Bunsen burner on

Flame neck of bottle before and after taking sample

Lift lid of petri dish slightly to introduce microbe by streaking

Close petri dish and tape (not completely)

Flame all equipment after use

Wash hands again

Heats the air, causing it to rise so air-borne microbes don't settle

Introduces O2 for aerobic respiration

| Doesn't introduce harmful anaerobically respiration organism

Culture is set up and nutrients are added and products removed from the culture at intervals - done at same rate to keep vol constant

Culture is maintained at exponential growth phase - grows and produces metabolites faster

Substances produced by living organisms in order to survive e.g ATP synthase

A starter population of the microorganism is given a fixed amount of nutrients and at the end of the time period products are extracted

Insulin

| Single-cell protein (from Fusarium)

Wine

Beer

Yogurt

Fermenter is always in use - increases efficiency

High growth rate as nutrient levels maintained

Useful for primary metabolites