Plumbing - Building Water Supply Part 1

1970.

1.55 lb.

6 years.

Environment protection agency (federal).

Croton watershed ( reservoirs, lakes), Croton aqueduct.

Catskills watershed, tunnels and aqueducts.

Delaware watershed, tunnels and aqueducts.

That is suitable for human consumption.

All water can be treated so as not to be harmful, water from some sources is not affordable for treatment because of the excessive cost of purifying it .

Rivers.

Lakes.

Wells.

Municipal water supply systems contain many miles of pipe to convey water from its source to the consumer. A well taps a source close to (usually on the property) where the water is to be used.

Dug well.

Bored well.

Driven well.

Drilled well.

Cable tool.

Rotary.

Water and air jetted method.

The recommended depth is 0 to 100 feet.

Pure water contains no impurities whereas potable water does contain some impurities.

An odorless, colorless, tasteless, transparent liquid which contains two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.

Colorless, pleasing to the taste and ell, free of harmful bacteria and free of excessive amounts of dissolved solids.

Particles in suspension.

Minerals (dissolved matter).

Gases.

Pathogenic microorganisms.

Sedimentation.

Filtration.

Aeration.

Addition of chemicals.

Sedimentation.

Coagulation.

Filtration.

Chlorination.

Fluoridation.

pH adjustment.

By sedimentation.

2. Use of alum as a coagulating agent to collect the dirt and suspended materials.

The water is agitated slowly by moving paddles assuring all suspended materials in the raw water come in contact with the alum.

The water is first pumped to the large basins. It then flows slowly over the baffles, onto the sand filter bed. As the water filters through the sand, any remaining particles of suspended matter adhere to the grains of sand.

Hydrofluosilicic acid (H2SiF6) may be added to inhibit tooth decay.

Lime is added to increase the pH.

Copper sulfate is added to destroy algae in the distribution reservoirs.

Soda ash can be introduced into reservoirs to reduce acidity.

By a pressure type filter (sand).

Cysts.

Algae.

Bacteria.

Decomposition of organic matter.

By aeration or degasification.

1. Adding chlorine. 2. Adding activated carbon. 3. Both methods require that the water be filtered after treatment.

Boiling.

Ultraviolet light.

Chlorination.

Chlorination.

A fecal coliform test

One part of a substance by weight, per million parts of water by weight.

In ppm - parts per million.

In mgl - milligrams per liter.

In gpg - grains per gallons.

A measurement of weight equal to 0.002285 oz.

Express the intensity of the acid or alkaline condition of water.

Acid conditions decrease and alkaline increase pH values.

Concentration of hydrogen: active hydrogen ions within the hydrogen atom based on the gram-equivalent weight per liter of water.

Acid water is very corrosive.

| 2. Alkaline has a soda taste and leaves the skin feeling dry after use.

They have to be regenerated using a solution of sulfuric acid and caustic soda.

Soft water lathers easily, hard lathers with difficulty, leaving the hands rough and form a ring or scum in a lavatory or tub.

Calcium and magnesium.

1. By the water conditioning foundation. | 2. By the EPA (environmental protection agency).

1. Bacteria content and toxic substances to conform to public health drinking water standards published by the U. S. Public Health Service. 2. Hardness 3.5 gpg. 3. Iron and manganese 0.2 ppm. 4. Turbidity 5.0 ppm. 5. pH value 7.0 to 10.5. 6. Taste and odor not objectionable. 7. Hydrogen sulfide 1/10 ppm. 8. Dissolved solids 30 gpg. 9. Fluoride 1.5 ppm. 10. Chloride and sulfate 250 ppm. 11. Color - clear.

1. Physical characteristics - taste, color, level of turbidity, temperature, and odor. 2. Chemical content - hardened or softness. 3. Biological ingredients - primarily microorganisms that have direct bearing on our health. 4. Radiological substances must be avoided, as must any water that has in any way contracted radioactive materials.

1. Screens at raw water source. 2. Sediment basin. 3. Chlorination point 1. 4. Alum point. 5. Flocculation basin. 6. Aeration or degasification. 7. Chlorination point 2. 8. Sand filters.

The large pieces of debris such as logs.

The large-sized impurities that cause the water to be turbid (leaves, etc.).

1 1/2 days.

Alum is added to start the flocculation treatment process which take place in the flocculation basin. The impurities then settle to the bottom of the basin and are removed periodically. An awe rage length of retention at this basin is 5 hours.

Carbon filters (similar to charcoal) are added to the system. This method of treatment is expensive and is not widely used unless taste and smell are extreme.

A simple feed pump and regular laundry bleach.

Chemical feed pump start together with well pump and add chlorine to the feed pipe of pressure tank.

1. No soap lather can be formed until hardness particles are coated. 2. Calcium causes deposits within pipelines.

Reduces the rate of heat transfer and efficiency of equipment.

Reduces flow rate.

Results in odor value operation.

Increases power requirements.

The appliance generally used for the removal magnesium and calcium is a water softener that uses the ion-exchange principle.

An ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms.

A zeolite Is a solid which will interchange ions with hardness particles in a liquid and still retain its basic structure in water softening equipment.

Organic.

1. Resinous.

2. Carbonaceous.

Inorganic.

1. Green sand (glauconite).

2. Synthetic gel type.

Clear but hard water - synthetic gel up to about 12,000 grains per cubic foot.

Hight temperature and pH, oxidizing conditions - resinous type up to about 35,000 grains on the sodium cycle.

Low pH or iron bearing waters - glauconite up to about 3,000 grains per cubic foot.

Aggressive waters, metallic cations at low concentrations - carbonaceous type about 800 grains per cubic foot.

Tank or shell.

Control valve.

Softening material.

Gravel or sand filters.

Strainers.

The gpm of softened water required and are available from 12"x40" to 84"x60".

A valve allows flow in more than one direction available in 2, 3", 4", or 6" sizes. A 6" multiport valve weights over 400l lb and thus requires extra support.

It helps to keep the softening agent in place and also filters large particles from water.

Tank.

Strainer.

Brine injector (Venturi fitting).

Dolt.

Gravel.

The hard water enters the multiport valve and is directed to the top of the softening tank. From the zeolite , the water is filtered and sent to the multiport valve, which then directs it to the building.

The sodium ions in the salt replaces the magnesium and calcium particles collected by the zeolite.

The brine is drawn out of the brine tank by the flow of hard water passing through the brine injector. It then flows through the multiport valve which direct the mixed solution to the bottom of the softening tank. It passes upward through the zeolite , back through the multiport valve , and then it washes to a drain.

It sends hard water through the tank to rinse away the brine.

An automatic sensing device is installed in the piping.

It may be safely discharged into a septic tank under normal working conditions but new tanks and those recently cleaned should be given ample time to become seeded.

For example the operating weight of a 2010BIS-3 unit by the manufacture's specification sheet is 28,500 lb.

A = L1xW = 24'x6'-4" = 151.92 sq. ft.

About 12'-4".

1. Small amounts can be removed in ordinary water softener. | 2. Larger quantities can be removed by filtration.

1. Fully automatic. 2. Semi-automatic. 3. Manual.

By adding a sequencing pilot and pressure switch in conjunction with a Bruner-Matic control center.

1. It combines salt storage and brine making in a single compact unit. An automatic brine valve is housed at the bottom of a brine well. It controls brine withdrawal and regulates fresh water refill. 2. The flow controller automatically maintains proper backwash and cleansing flows over wide variations in operating pressures. Proper sizing and adjustment is done at the factory.

Adding a chemical such as chlorine that will convert the gas to a solid, and then filter the solid from the water.

A local testing agency take a sample of the water and have it analyzed.

It leave white, scaly deposits on plumbing fixtures and faucets, household appliances and kitchen equipment, produce streaky dishes, gray laundry and itchy skin.

1. Green or blue-green generally means overly acidic water. 2. Yellow is the color of decaying vegetation. 3. Red water suggests the presence of dissolved or precipitated iron . 4. Black stains on fixtures and laundry indicate manganese.

New faucets use ceramic disc cartridges in the place of plastic or metal parts.

Special-purpose filters are the best prescription for most water odors.

1. Carbon filters. Tap water passes through activated carbon granules, which reduce organic materials, chlorine, dissolved gases and some minerals. Available as carafes, tap mounted and countertop appliances. 2. Revers osmosis filters. A semi porous membrane reduces bacteria, lead, mercury, iron and most other contaminations. Installed under the kitchen sink. 3. Distillers boil, condensate and filtered through a carbon filter water. Available in countertop models as larger, installed appliances.

1. Secure a 16 oz. container that will not contaminate the sample. Clean, rubber-stoppered, resistant glass bottles or new plastic (baby) bottles are recommended. 2. Before taking samples allow the water to run for at least five minutes. 3. Rinse the container thoroughly with the water that is to be analyzed. 4. Fill the bottle to a point just above the shoulder. 5. Jot downfall pertinent information regarding the water. 6. Send the sample in for the test.

1. Source of the sample. 2. Physical appearance (clean, dirty, highly colored, etc.). 3. Odor. 4. Taste. 5. Number of persons in the family. 6. The number of bathrooms in the home. 7. The pump capacity in gph.

1. Soap and synthetic detergent wastage. 2. Reduced life of washable fabrics. 3. Poor laundering results. 4. Poorer dish washing results. 5. Lowered efficiently and fuel waste in water heaters. 6. Poorer cooking results. 7. Lack of cleanliness and sanitation in washing the skin, bathing, shampooing. Red, itchy or dry skin.

1. Water is clear when drawn from faucet, but red rust appears upon standing. 2. Water darkens coffee, tea, and other beverages. 3. Rust stains on fabrics, plumbing fixtures, china, glassware and silverware. 4. Water has metallic taste. 5. Stains and deposits appear almost black when manganese is present.

1. Water has a rotten egg odor. 2. Silverware tarnishes rapidly on contact with water. 3. Yellow to black stains on plumbing fixtures and rusting of water systems. 4. Darkens coffee, tea and other beverages. 5. Ruins flavor and appearance of foods.

1. Premature failure of water heater and plumbing through leakage. 2. Clogging of pipes due to corrosion tubercles. 3. Rust stains on fabrics, plumbing fixtures, china, glassware and silverware. 4. Blue stains on plumbing fixtures.

Organic matter, microbiological organisms, or chlorophnols.

1. Yellow or brown colored water. 2. Yellow or brown stains on washable fabrics, plumbing fixtures, utensils. 3. Objectionable flavor and appearance of foods and beverages.

1. Cloudy, unpalatable appearance. | 2. Deposits in valves and pipes.

Water-borne disease (typhoid, amoebic or bacillary dysentery, epidemic jaundice and cholera).

Mottling of teeth.

Cyanosis (blueness of skin) and possible death of infants, especially under six months of age.

Brackish or saline water objectionable salty taste and laxative effect in some cases.

They are either public or private. Installation practices and protection of water mains and services are same for both. A private system generally means water supply restricted to a private home.

In Chicago.

Make rules , standards, require publication to consumers.

100 gal of water per person.