Plumbing - Building Water Supply Part 10

Capable of causing disease containing bacteria and viruses.

A term used to describe a type of pump that delivers the same amount of fluid for each pumping cycle.

Suitable for drinking.

The result of making impure or unclean.

Parts per million. A ratio usually used to describe impurities within water, air, etc.

Force acting on a specific area usually measured in psi.

A filter used to strain solids from a gas or liquid while the material to be strained is under pressure higher than 29.92" at 59*F.

Pounds per square inch.

Pounds per square inch gage.

Water that exist only under laboratory conditions, consists of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.

The removal, by natural or artificial methods, of objectionable matter from water.

The flow of energy across open space via electromagnetic waves, such as visible light.

Term used to describe the volume of a moving fluid related to time. Measured in gpm, cu. ft./min., etc.

A device that changes alternating current to direct current.

Restore to original strength or properties.

Pressure available under full flow conditions.

A force acting in opposition to another force.

A pipe that transports water vertically at least one story on height.

A device used to protect a cathode against corrosion, such as a magnesium rod in a water heater.

Relating to or containing salt.

An apparatus for removing impurities, a filter used in a water treatment plant for the partial removal of turbidity, prior to final filtration.

Extraneous matter or impurities which rise to, or are formed on the surface of liquid.

Water that lathers easily and does not contain excessive amounts of calcium or magnesi.

A coil of wire in the form of a helix within which a field of magnetism can be created when electrical current is passed through the wire.

The ratio of the heat capacity of water to that of an equivalent amount of another substance.

The pressure within a system under no flow conditions at rest.

See gravity comvention.

The angle that a flat collector surface forms with the horizontal.

In water, cloudiness caused by suspended solids.

Beyond the end that is violet in the visible spectrum. Light rays with very short wave lengths. Can be used to kill living organisms in potable water.

A pressure less than atmospheric pressure. It is usually measured by the number of inches of mercury below atmospheric pressure.

The rate at which liquids move through a piping system usually measured in feet per second.

Electromotive force expressed in volts. The pressure that forces electrical current through a wire.

A manufactured device, other than an air chamber, containing a permanently sealed cushion of gas or air, designed to provide protection against excessive shock pressure without maintenance.

A principle water supply pipe to one or more buildings or premises including water for fire protection. A pipe used to convey public water supply.

A mechanical device used to measure volume of water.

The pipe from the water main or principal source of water supply to the water distribution system of the building.

A term used to describe the entity that supplies potable water through a public water supply system.

The amount of power consumed measured in watts: W = V/A.

A pointed device driven into the ground to tap an underground source of water.

Water supply fixture unit. The amount of water delivered to a lavatory equals one WSFU.

A chemical compound so imperfectly bound together that its composition will change in accordance with the concentration of chemicals in solution and is used as an ion exchanger in water softeners.

3/8":

1. Drinking fountain.

2. Lavatory.

3. WC flush tank.

4. WC flushometer tank.

1/2:

1. Bath tub.

2. Combination sink and laundry tray.

3. Dish washing machine.

4. Kitchen sink (domestic).

5. Laundry tray 1-3 compartments.

6. Shower (single head).

7. Service or slop sink.

8. Urinal flash tank.

9. Hose Bibb.

10. Wall hydrant or sill cock.

3/4:

1. Commercial kitchen sink.

2. Flushing rim sink.

3. Urinal (3-4" flush valve).

1":

1. Urinal 1" flush valve.

2. WC flush valve.

The U.S. bureau of standards and the U.S. department of commerce.

Establish the minimum pressure in the street main.

Determine the kind of pipe or tube to be used on the job.

Make an isometric or schematic drawing of the piping in the building from its plan.

Develop a table for determination of water supply fixture units.

List each fixture, appliance, and device, show its location, enter the WSFU, and calculate the adjustment.

Determine the vertical distance in feet of the highest supply outlet above the water main tap.

Establish maximum allowable velocities.

Find the equivalent length of the water piping from the tap to the most distant fixture.

Determine the residual pressure required by local codes at the highest or most distant outlet.

Using table for WSFU read total demand in gpm.

Find the pipe or tube size from table of demand in gpm and

velocity.

Find pressure drop in meter.

Determine the friction loss design factor.

Determine the friction loss for each cock, valve, and fitting in equivalent length, and add these values.

Size the main cold water distribution pipe from the main to the most distant point.

Reduce only the size of the main distribution pipe to the size which will keep the friction within the design factor and the velocity limit required for the new size of pipe.

Size each water branch.

Size the hot water distribution system.

Use not less than 8 1/2" x 11" paper. Show elevations and horizontal branches from the main. If horizontal lines are more than 12' from the main, and if an isometric drawing is not used, show a horizontal plan as well as elevation. For dwellings up to two stories and small commercial and industrial buildings, one sketch is usually satisfactory.

Start at the meter.

Enter the WSFU (hot and cold) for each fixture, appliance, and device and calculate the adjustment.

List the continuous flow for sill cocks, compressors, etc., in gpm.

For fixtures which use cold water only, carry the value and record it also in the adjusted cold WSFU column.

Total the adjusted WSFU columns for both hot and cold water. There are the total water demands in WSFU for the cold water main and meter.

Copper tube.

Hot water
4 fps: 3/8", 1/2",

6 fps: 3/4"-2 1/2",

8 fps: 3" and 4".

Cold water.

6 fps: 3/8"-1 1/4",

8 fps: 1 1/2"-2 1/2",

10 fps: 3"-4".

Galvanized iron and steel pipe may be raised 1 fps per group over copper except the upper limit of velocity in any water piping should not exceed 10 fps.

Acid water.

4 fps: 3/8",1/2",

5 fps: 3/4"-2 1/2",

8 fps: 3"-4".

With a pH value of less than 6.9.

L = 3/2x Lp, where Lp is developed length of the pipe or tube.

Measure the total developed length of the water piping from the tap to the most distant fixture. Be sure to check the length of piping for the hot water system, including the cold water branch to the water heater. This may be the longest route for the travel of water to the most distant fixture.

Add the continuous flow to the intermittent flow in gpm. This is the peak demand.

Find the intermittent flow using table of a total WSFU and gpm demand.

Assume that if garden hoses are used , not more than two will be used simultaneously; therefore you would use only 10 gpm (each gives flow of 5 gpm) unless more exact information can be established. Other common continuous uses of water are water-cooled refrigeration and air conditioning compressors or machines, irrigation systems, industrial cooling equipment, air washers, swimming pools, etc.

p = [P-(0.433xH+Pm+Pr)]x100/L, where

p -the design factor as a pressure loss in psig per 100' of pipe,

P - pressure in psig in main or other pint from which you are sizing,

Pm-pressure loss through meter in psig,

Pr- residual pressure required at faucet or fixture,

H-elevation in feet of highest water outlet to point at which you are sizing,

L-equivalent length of pipe, fittings, and valves in feet.

Determine the actual friction loss:

L = Lp+Lf, where Lf-the friction loss for each cock valve, and fitting; Lp-friction loss in pipes. Substitute L in the trial friction loss design factor and calculate the actual design factors.

Refigure the formula for the design factor if a water softener, an instantaneous hot water heater, or tankless coil type of water heater is used.

On water services to seasonal type facilities such as bath houses, summer cottages, park restrooms, fountains and pools that one are unused in freezing weather.

Cast iron valve box base - securely fastened to the valve body with the use of welded bars or set screw.

Adjustable cast iron valve box sleeve with cover.

Cover with name of service cast in.

The standard type with a 5 1/3" barrel, 6" inlet connection, two 2 1/2" hose outlets and one 4" pumper connection.

Steel rodding and/or thrust blocks are required at all turns.

Low-heat.

Medium-heat.

High-heat.

Low-pressure boilers (not over 50 psig).

Furnaces.

Heaters.

Maximum stack gas temperatures lower than 550*F.

Methods consider

1. The Btu input of appliances;

2. The method of firing;

3. Overall length of the flue.

Many manufacturers recommend that flues be extended through a roof from their equipment and be the same size as their connection.

A device through which an external source of power is used to apply a force to a fluid in order to move the fluid from one place to another.

Power end.

A suction fluid end.

A discharge fluid end.

Move water from a well to plumbing fixtures.

To transfer fuel oil from a storage tank to a boiler.

To circulate chilled water.

To circulate water in a hot water heating system.

To rise water or sewage from sumps up to a point of gravity drainage.

To return steam condensate back to a boiler.

By suction. By pushing with positive pressure.

Positive displacement - 22'. Centrifugal pumps - 15'.

The vertical distance the pump is above a liquid known as static suction lift.

Frictional resistance in these suction pipe.

Water pumped from a well.

Condensate from steam systems that is pumped from condensate receivers (which are vented to the atmosphere) back to a boiler.

Drainage which has accumulated in a vented sump and is lifted by a pump to a higher point of entry into a drainage system.

Dishwasher water which is pumped during the washing cycle.

That one are completely sealed from atmospheric pressure throughout the entire system.

Pounds of weight is the measure of total heaviness of a substance as it is read on scale.

Pounds of pressure is the designation for pounds of weight bearing on a specific area.

The term head is used to describe the amount of force required to lift a column of water. Total head equals the total suction lift plus the total discharge head of a pump.

Static suction lift is the vertical distance liquid is raised by atmospheric pressure, from the surface of the supply reservoir to the centerline of the pump suction connection.

Static discharge head is the vertical distance the liquid is being pushed, as measured from the centerline of the pump discharge connection to the point of open discharge into the upper reservoir.

Total static head is the overall vertical distance the liquid is being raised, from the level of the lower reservoir to the point of open discharge at the upper tank.

C = A+B, where

C - total static head;

A - static suction lift;

B - static discharge head.

C = 4'+56' = 60'.

Static suction head is the vertical distance between the surface of the liquid in the supply reservoir and centerline of the pump suction connection and therefore creates a positive pressure.

Static discharge head is the vertical distance the pump pushes the liquid from the center line of the pump discharge connection to the point of open discharge at the upper reservoir (similar to the corresponding discharge line).

Total static head is the net vertical distance the liquid is being raised from the supply reservoir to the point of open discharge at the upper reservoir.

C = B-A, where

C - total static head;

B - static discharge head;

A - static suction head.

C = 56'-4' = 52' or 52x.433 = 22.52 psig.

The total static head.

The suction gage will show a lower pressure and the discharge higher due to friction loss within piping system because of higher flow rates.

If there is no flow the pressure on both sides of the pump will the same.

As flow occurs there is a corresponding friction loss which must be overcome by the pump and the discharge pressure increase, the suction pressure would decrease.

In the closed loop system the additional head developed under flow conditions due to friction losses within the system.

The static discharge head and static suction head are equal and the reading on both gages would be the same equals 60' head in psig:

60x0.433 = 25.98 psig.

It will be the sum of the two changes in pressure: 7+10 = 17 psig.

Simply calculate the difference between the operating pressure indicated on the suction head gage and the operating pressure on the discharge head gage:

^P/0.433 = FL, where

FL - is friction loss in feet,

^P - pressure change in psig.

TDH - total dynamic head.

The head produced by the pump to overcome friction head (loss) in a closed system.

As total head increases, flow rate decreases and as the total head becomes lower, the flow rate increases.

The relationship of flow to system pressure is described graphically for each individual pump through a diagram.

First plot the 39.26' ^P on the total head scale and then read across the chart until the head reading intersects with the pump curve. From that point of intersection, read down to the flow scale. The flow rate is 35 gpm.

The pressure change (^P) across the pump is also a direct measurement of the actual system resistance being developed at the particular flow rate pump is producing.

By changing the rotational speed (RPM).

By changing the diameter of the impeller.

By changing the style of the impeller.

Close coupled in-line circulator.

Close coupled base-mounted pump.

Base-mounted flexible coupled vertical split case pump.

Wet pit pumps.

Multistage pump with horizontally split case.

Packaged water pressure booster pumping system.

Mechanical seal type centrifugal pump.

In-line.

Base mounted - end suction.

Base mounted - end suction.

Bottom-side suction/top-side discharge.

Base mounted centrifugal pump.

Regenerative turbine pump.

A pump is mounted directly to the motor on a common shaft. It also mounts directly in the pipeline.

Pump mounts on a base rather than being supported by the piping.

Pump has a separate motor shaft which transmits its driving force to the pump shaft through a flexible coupling. It is frequently mounted on a special foundation.

Pump where the body of the pump is immersed in the liquid in a pit, and is connected by a long shaft to the motor which is mounted above the pit. This type is used for sump pumps, sewage pumps, condensate pumps, etc.

This is a large base mounted pump with the casing split horizontally for easy access to the impeller for service.

A packaged water pressure booster pumping system which includes two (duplex) centrifugal pumps, control valves, piping and electrical controls. This type of pumping system is used to boost the pressure in domestic water system when the pressure in a public water mains is not high enough to supply the building adequately.

The discharge piping from the ejector or pump must have a check valve to prevent the discharged water from returning to the ejector or pump. The discharge piping shall be sized on a hydraulic basis consistent with the ejector or pump capabilities to the point where the discharge enters the gravity drainage system . Direct mounted equipment may be manually or automatically operated. Installation of it is usually not subject to venting requirements, but subject only to venting necessary for proper operation of the equipment; the vent on the fixture side of the trap may terminate locally in the area served. If the equipment provides a proper waters real, additional traps are not required.

Drinking fountain pump.

Hand pump:

A. Pump jack.

B. cistern pump.

It is used on golf courses, campgrounds, roadside parks and picnic areas. A few strokes of the handle fills a reservoir with water which, without further pumping becomes a smooth flowing drinking fountain.

It has adjustable strokes. They can be used to depths of 200'. This pump is recommended for shallow wells less than 25', has a 6" stroke only and a multy-position cap.