Plumbing - Building Water Supply Part 4

1. The assembly should have some degree of flexibility (one field cut measurement is an example). 2. The final weight of the assembly must be considered. Will special equipment be necessary to transport and install the assembly? If so, is this practical? 3. Typical assemblies, several of the same type should: A. Be made on jigs for uniformity; B. Have frequent checks for accuracy of measurement and quality of workmanship; C. Be considered in the event they present storage problems. D. Have one assembly completed and installed before continuing with production.

Most installations which require pipe covering also require that the hangers be of sufficient size to allow the covering to pass through the hanger.

1. Place numbered tags on all valves. 2. A valve chart giving the number and location of each valve is another requirement. 3. Provide and locate access panels for valves.

A hydrostatic test or an air test is usually made.

The source of air pressure can be from an air compressor or from a cylinder of compressed air. If compressed air is used, be sure to use a pressure regulator in the tank.

Be sure you have planned ahead and have the tools and materials available. After receiving them: 1. Provide adequate locked storage. 2. Keep storage area and stock in order. 3. Bag fittings for individual projects where practical. 4. Remind yourself that other tradesmen are usually required to buy their own tools and are more likely to borrow or steal yours. 5. Keep in mind that the tools and materials provided by the employer are not yours to give or loan, but do belong to the employer.

Hot water is water to which heat energy has been added, as more heat is added, the water becomes hotter.

1. Better health, through the greater cleaning and sanitizing power of hot water. 2. Safety, because hot water temperature can be thermostatically controlled, unsafe water temperatures also can be controlled. 3. Convenience, because hot water at the desired temperature is always available. 4. Utility, as much of the work requiring water is generally accomplished more quickly with hot water. 5. Comfort, because heated water is easier to work with. 6. Pleasure, increased with heated swimming pools. 7. Leisure time, made possible by automatic clothiers-washers and dishwashers using hot water. 8. Therapeutic effects, as warm water and circulation promote healing.

Provide consumers with adequate hot water to meet their needs, at a predetermined temperature, as economically as possible.

It expands and circulates. | It can be converted from a liquid to a vapor.

In water heater a volume of water increase approximately 1.7%. For 60 gallon WH it give 1 additional gallon of water.

The physical weight of the water in the system above the heater.

The height of the system divided by 2.31 (head pressure equal to 1 psi).

A combination temperature and pressure (T&P) relief valve be installed at the heat source.

In the event the pressure portion of the valve fails, when the water reaches a predetermined temperature, the temperature portion of the valve takes over and discharges overheated hot water.

Water expands at the rate of approximately .00023% for each degree of temperature rise.

The greater the draw on the hot water the lower the temperature in the tank drops. The thermostat kicks the burner on and the temperature recovery is under way. The normal setting on the dial of the hot water heater termostat will give you approximately 140*F water.

The volume of expanded water generated during water recovery periods can be dissipated back through the "open" conection to the city main.

During periods of temperature recovery and no usage, expanded water has no place to go, so the reassure builds until a relief valve pops, spilling hot water.

Pressure reducing valves and back flow prevention devices in domestic water systems result a non-return barrier between the building water supply and the public water supply to protect municipal water supplies.

As water is heated it immediately starts to expand. In a piping system constructed of fairly rigid materials the water in it is confined to a practically fixed area, even though there might be a slight increase of space within the system due to expansion.

Both in daytime and nighttime periods.

Pressure increases resulting from thermal expansion, occurring frequently and repeatedly on a daily basis, produces dangerous stress and strain on hot water system piping and components. It can rupture pipe fittings that have been weakened by corrosion, collapse the center flues of gas-fired water heaters,. Rust-deteriorated tank surfaces can also be ruptured. Can cause malfunction of recirculating pumps, resulting in short-cycling and eventual pump burn-out. Failure of critical components in water use devices, such as solenoid valves and "O-ring" seals in washing machines and dishwashers.

An expansion tank with an air cushion, suitably lined to handle aggressive potable water. An expansion tank can have a diaphragm or bladder to separate the air cushion from system water will prevent loss of air through absorption by water.

To the right of pipe.

The undesirable reversal of flow in a potable water distribution as a result of a cross connection.

1. Back siphonage. | 2. Back pressure.

1. Double check valve. 2. Reduced pressure zone. 3. Air gap.

1. No hazardous - non devices needed. 2. Hazardous - air gap, RPZ. 3. Aesthetically - double check valves.

The safe drinking water act.

1974.

The backflow of contaminated or polluted water, or water of questionable quality from a plumbing fixture or other customer sources, into a public water supply system main due to a temporary negative or sub-atmospheric pressure within the public water supply system.j

A flow condition, induced by a differential in pressure, that causes the flow of water or other liquids and or gases into the distribution pipes of a public water supply from any source other than its intended source.

The resulting backflow of contamination, polluted, or otherwise unacceptable quality water from a plumbing fixture or other customer sources into a public water supply system due to a greater pressure within the customer's water system.

1. Test cock # 1. 2. Shutoff valve # 1. 3. Test cock # 2. 4. Check valve # 1. 5. Test cock # 3. 6. Check valve # 4. 7. Shutoff valve # 2.

At least 1 psi.

1. Test cock # 1. 2. Shutoff valve # 1. 3. Test cock # 2. 4. Check valve # 1. 5. Differential pressure relief valve. 6. Test cock # 3. 7. Check valve # 2. 8. Test cock # 4. 9. Shutoff valve # 2.

1. The fist will support pressures in the direction of flow of approximately 5-10 psi. 2. The second must maintain a 1 psi.

Control the pressure it generates within a normal, safe operating range, well below the emergency setting of a relief valve.

1. A properly sized thermal expansion tank for use with domestic hot water heaters on the supply side of the water heater. 2. Using a combination ballcock and relief valve that limit the domestic water system preset static pressure to 80 psig.

The addition of a separate rigid, polypropylene liner on the water side of diaphragm. This allows the acceptance of potable fresh water in the expansion tank without corrosion taking place.

The utilization of a sealed -in air volume under specific pressurization equal to the minimum cold water supply line pressure at the water heater to accommodate expanded water generated in the water heater during recovery periods.

1. The supply line or minimum pressure at the expansion tank location. ( Tank locations are customary on the supply side of the water heater). 2. The desired maximum pressure to be allowed at the water heater. 3. The operating temperature range of the water heater or hot water generator during its recovery period. 4. Volume of water in the water heater or storage tank.

Expanded water resulting from thermal expansion can enter the tank, compressing the air cushion to create the space it requires. Since the pressure in he air cushion is inversely proportional to the volume, pressure increase can be controlled within desired limits, by correctly sizing the air cushion volume through the application of Boyle's Law for perfect gases.

1. Acceptance fitting. 2. Separate rigid polypropylene-lined water reservoir (NSF listed). 3. Heavy duty butyl diaphragm. 4. Sealed-in permanent air charge. 5. Welded steel pressure support domes. 6. Air charging valve.

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature if 1 lb of water 1*F.

8.33 lbs.

H = Wx^T, where H- heat in Btu; W- weight in lbs; ^T- temperature rise in degrees F.

1. Gas water heater - 70%. | 2. Coil and tube water heater - 80%.

GI = H/HE = H/.7, where GI - gas input in Btu; H - heat in Btu; HE - heat efficiency.

It is the amount of water available and has nothing to do with Efficiency. When hot water is drawn from the tank , cold water enters the tank and mixes with the water in the lower 30% of the tank.

1 hour peak period: R+TC, where R - recovery = 100 gallons, TC - storage tank contribution = 70 gallons; 100+70 = 170 gallons per hour. 4 hour peak period: TC = 70/4 = 17.5 gallons, 100+17.5 = 117.5 gallons per hour.

Direct heating and indirect heating.

The source of heat (gas, oil, or electricity) is located where the water is heated.

Water is heated by a heat source that is remotely located from the water heating equipment.

1. Storage type heaters. 2. Instantaneous heaters. 3. Semi-instantaneous heaters.

1. An oil-fired hot water heater. 2. An electric water heater. 3. The gas-fired (under-fired) water heater. 4. An instantaneous, tankless water heater. 5. Point of use domestic hot water heater.

1. Auto gas control. 2. Heat sensor. 3. Thermocouple. 4. Burner. 5. Flue baffles. 6. Draft diverter. 7. Vent (flue). 8. Cold water inlet. 9. Dip tube. 10. Anti-siphon hole. 11. Anode rod. 12. Hot water outlet. 13. Temperature and pressure relief valve. 14. Pipe to floor drain from T&P relief valve. 15. Insulation. 16. Drain valve.

1. Gas inlet. 2. Gas valve. 3. Slow ignition device. 4. Thermocouple lead. 5. Pilot pipe. 6. Pilot. 7. Gas cock: A. Manual gas cock handle. B. diaphragm. C. High pressure duct. D. Pressure duct. E. bearing plate. F. Push rod. G. Gas valve seat. H. Gas valve spring. 8. Burner. 9. Combustion chamber. 10. Heat exchanger. 11. Cold water inlet. 12. Venturi. 13. Transfer coil. 14. Hot water outlet.

1. A solar domestic hot water supply system. 2. A heating coil that conveys hot water or steam from a boiler (or other remote heat source) to a hot water storage tank.

1. Solar collectors. 2. Heat exchangers. 3. Storage tanks. 4. Backup heaters, 5. Pumps. 6. Controls.

1. Conduction. 2. Convection. 3. Radiation.

The heat energy transmitted by solids.

Process of heat travel with liquids or air. Substance that is heated is lighter and for that reason travel upward starting the gravity circulation.

Radiation is a process in which energy is transmitted by heat rays.

Residential and commercial/industrial.

The design of commercial maybe different to meet special job situations not encountered in residential work. Commercial must meet requirements of American gas association or Underwriters laboratories, National sanitation foundation, ASME.

They are adaptable to widely varying job requirements by installing them as a single unit or in multiple units. They are mass-produced, self-contained units that are relatively simple to install, operate and maintain. The heat energy may be provided by gas, electricity, or oil any of which are generally available.

1. Center flue. 2. Multiple flue. 3. External channel flue. 4. Full floating with external flue. 5. Full floating with internal flue(s).

1. Natural gas. 2. Manufactured gas. 3. Propane gas.

They are particularly susceptible to loss of efficiency and to malfunctions(puffs or explosions) if the source of combustion air is inadequate. Combustion efficiency vary by the types of burner:

Atmospheric - 75%.

Forced-draft - 80%.

Condensing-type - 90-95%.

The lack of adequate air for combustion.

An improperly sized or improperly installed gas vent or chimney.

Incorrectly located operating controls.

Tank.

Insulation.

Jacket.

Gas supply.

Thermostatic controller (rod-and-tube type).

Sensing element.

Thermocouple and pilot burner.

Main gas burner.

Combustion chamber.

Crown.

Flue.

Flue baffle.

Draft diverter.

Cold inlet.

Dip tube.

Anti-siphon tube.

Hot outlet.

Temperature and pressure relief valve.

Relief valve discharge.

Sacrificial anode rod.

Drain cock.

Hot-water supply boilers.

Instantaneous heaters.

Combined automatic heater and storage tank.

Circulating hot-water heaters used with a storage tank.

Generally direct-fired and have forced-draft burners.

Fully automatic in operation and are provided with a storage tank.

Larger installations may include hot-water boilers, instantaneous-type heaters, or circulating-type heaters with an associated storage tank.

The viscosity of it.

Number 3 fuel oil or domestic fuel oil is most widely used, except in very large installations.

Light-grade fuel oils are generally used to minimize repairs and maintenance.

A layer of soot only 1/8" thick may result in a loss of efficiency of about 10%.

Fully automatic and have a storage tank, one or more electric heating elements along with operating and safety controls.

This type of heater does not require a supply of combustion air.

It does not require venting to the outside.

It does not require a chimney.

It is inherently a clean system, no soot or grime is generated, and it may be installed in areas of a building where a heater fired by a fossil fuel may be impractical.

It may reduce space requirements for a heater.

The possibility of fuel leakage is eliminated.

1. Glass (ceramic lining). 2. Galvanizing today is changed for cross-linked polyethylene and copper plating . 3. Stone lined tank that are coated with a cement-like material. 4. Stainless steel, monel, aluminum, or copper-base alloys as tank materials.

Mag rods are form of a stand by protection, used to plate the steel in the event of tank lining damage or failure. A film of magnesium is transferred (by electroplating) from the rod to the inside of the tank wall.

By eliminating or insulating unlike metals within the tank.

Spuds.

1. In top of the tank: A. Cold water inlet. B. Hot water outlet. C. Anode rod opening. 2. On the side of the tank: A. Temperature (thermostat) control opening. B. Drain valve opening.

They can be used to furnish space heating along with domestic water service.

Factory installed dip tubes are designed to the correct length. If a dip tube duties orates and breaks off the incoming cold water short cycles and mixes with the outgoing hot water, leaving the customer with little or no hot water.

The effect on the amount of hat water delivered to the customer is dramatic.

1. Copper to iron pipe adapter must be installed to make the transition. 2. Metallic pipe connections within a specified distance above the heater if plastic piping materials are used in piping. 3. A shutoff valve be installed close to the cold water inlet.

1. Up-fed. 2. Down-fed. 3. A combination of both. 4. A gravity system. 5. A forced circulation system. 6. No circulation at all.

1. One temperature. | 2. Multiple temperatures.

1. Instantaneous system for car washing and photo processing with constant demand and no storage. 2. Recovery systems with storage. 3. A commercial booster heater for the sanitizing rinse in a dishwasher.

Food service water heating systems usually require 140*F water for general purposes and 180*F water for the dishwasher rinse.

1. Tank water heater make 180*F water. Water mixing valve is set for 140*F. 2. Large size water heater preheat water to 140*F and booster water heater make 180*F water. 3. Water heater make 180*F water and storage tank produce 140*F water. 4. Steam boiler maintain 180*F water from storage tank and water mixing valve make 140*F water.

1. Copper. 2. Brass. 3. Steel. 4. Plastic.

1. Gate valve. 2. Check valve. 3. Balancing valve. 4. Ball valve. 6. Butterfly valve.

1. Body. 2. A. Solid wedge disc. B. split wedge disc. 3. Stem. 4. Hand wheel. 5. Identification plate. 6. Union bonnet. 7. Gland. 8. Packing. 9. Packing nut.

1. Body. 2. Cap. 3. Disc. 4. Disc carrier. 5. Disc lock-nut. 6. Hinge pin.

1. Body. 2. Cap. 3. Disc.

1. Body. 2. Core or plug. 3. Port (in core or plug). 4. Lock nut.