Psychology Chapters 1-14 Part 13

Answer: The amount of energy expended while at rest, which influences one's weight.

Answer: An eating disorder characterized by extremely low body weight, distorted body image, and an obsessive fear of gaining weight.

Answer: An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.

Answer: A medical condition in which so much excess body fat has accumulated in the body that it begins to have an adverse impact on health.

Answer: The biological sexual response in humans, 1. excitement, 2. plateau, 3. orgasm, 4. resolution

Answer: The direction of our sexual desire, toward people of the opposite sex, people of the same sex, or people of both sexes.

Answer: The scientific study of how we feel about, think about, and behave toward the other people around us, and how those people influence our thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

Answer: The people with whom we are interacting.

Answer: The part of human thinking that helps us understand and predict the behavior of ourselves and others.

Answer: Our enduring evaluations of people or things.

Answer: The accepted beliefs about what we do or what we should do in particular social situations.

Answer: The tendency to attribute personality characteristics to people on the basis of their external appearance or their social group memberships.

Answer: The tendency to dislike people because of their appearance or group memberships.

Answer: Negative behaviors toward others based on prejudice.

Answer: A situation that occurs when our expectations about the personality characteristics of others lead us to behave toward those others in ways that make those beliefs come true.

Answer: The positive emotions that we experience as a result of our group memberships.

Answer: Long-term intimate and romantic relationships—for instance, a marriage.

Answer: The tendency to prefer stimuli (including but not limited to people) that we have seen more frequently.

Answer: The process of trying to determine the causes of people's behavior, with the goal of learning about their personalities.

Answer: The common tendency to overestimate the role of person factors and overlook the impact of social situations in judging others.

Answer: Our relatively enduring evaluations of people and things.

Answer: The tendency to regulate behavior to meet the demands of social situations.

Answer: Using our behavior to help us determine our own thoughts and feelings.

Answer: The discomfort we experience when we choose to behave in ways that we see as inappropriate and that leads our behavior to change our attitudes.

Answer: Any behavior that is designed to increase another person's welfare, and particularly those actions that do not seem to provide a direct reward to the person who performs them.

Answer: The principle that, if we help other people now, those others will return the favor should we need their help in the future.

Answer: The assumption that others will take action and therefore we do not take action ourselves.

Answer: Behavior intended to harm another individual.

Answer: The idea that observing or engaging in less harmful aggressive actions will reduce the tendency to aggress later in a more harmful way.

Answer: The tendency over time to show weaker emotional responses to emotional stimuli.

Answer: A social norm that condones and even encourages responding to insults with aggression.

Answer: A change in beliefs or behavior that occurs as the result of the presence of the other people around us.

Answer: Conformity toward those with authority.

Answer: Conformity in which a smaller number of individuals is able to influence the opinions or behaviors of the larger group.

Answer: A strong emotional reaction that leads people to resist pressures to conform.

Answer: The tendency to perform tasks better or faster in the presence of others.

Answer: The tendency to perform tasks more poorly or more slowly in the presence of others.

Answer: A group process loss that occurs when people do not work as hard in a group as they do when they are working alone.

Answer: An outcome that occurs when a group, as a result of a flawed group process and strong conformity pressures, makes a very poor decision.

Answer: The tendency to overvalue the productivity of group in comparison to individual performance.

Answer: An individual's consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving.

Answer: Relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations.

Answer: A cluster of traits including conventionalism, superstition, toughness, and exaggerated concerns with sexuality

Answer: The tendency to focus on oneself and one's personal goals; collectivism is the tendency to focus on one's relations with others.

Answer: The desire to make significant accomplishments by mastering skills or meeting high standards

Answer: The extent to which people engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities

Answer: Refers to differences in the motivations that energize behavior, varying from a promotion orientation (seeking out new opportunities) to a prevention orientation (avoiding negative outcomes)

Answer: The tendency to introspect and examine one's inner self and feelings

Answer: High self-esteem means having a positive attitude toward oneself and one's capabilities.

Answer: The motivation to engage in extreme and risky behaviors

Answer: The idea that there are five fundamental underlying trait dimensions that are stable across time, cross-culturally shared, and explain a substantial proportion of behavior.

Answer: A general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience

Answer: A tendency to show self- discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement

Answer: The tendency to experience positive emotions and to seek out stimulation and the company of others

Answer: A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic toward others; reflects individual differences in general concern for social harmony

Answer: The tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression; sometimes called "emotional instability"

Answer: The observation that people tend to believe in descriptions of their personality that supposedly are descriptive of them but could in fact describe almost anyone.

Answer: A test used around the world to identify personality and psychological disorders.

Answer: A measure of personality in which unstructured stimuli, such as inkblots, drawings of social situations, or incomplete sentences, are shown to participants, who are asked to freely list what comes to mind as they think about the stimuli.

Answer: A projective measure of personality in which the respondent indicates his or her thoughts about a series of 10 symmetrical inkblots.

Answer: A projective measure of personality in which the respondent is asked to create stories about sketches of ambiguous situation, most of them of people alone or with others.

Answer: The ability to direct or inspire others to achieve goals.

Answer: Leaders who are enthusiastic, committed, and self-confident; who tend to talk about the importance of group goals at a broad level; and who make personal sacrifices for the group.

Answer: An approach to understanding human behavior that focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings and memories.

Answer: In psychodynamic psychology, the component of personality that forms the basis of our most primitive impulses.

Answer: In psychodynamic psychology, the component of personality that represents our sense of morality and oughts.

Answer: In psychodynamic psychology, the component of personality that is the largely conscious controller or decision-maker of personality.

Answer: Unconscious psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety and to maintain a positive self-image.

Answer: Diverting threatening impulses away from the source of the anxiety and toward a more acceptable source

Answer: Disguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Answer: Generating self-justifying explanations for our negative behaviors

Answer: Making unacceptable motivations appear as their exact opposite

Answer: Retreating to an earlier, more childlike, and safer stage of development

Answer: Pushing anxiety-arousing thoughts into the unconscious

Answer: Channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive desires into acceptable activities

Answer: birth-18 months, Pleasure comes from the mouth in the form of sucking, biting, and chewing

Answer: 18 months-3 years, Pleasure comes from bowel and bladder elimination and the constraints of toilet training.

Answer: 3-6 years, Pleasure comes from the genitals, and the conflict is with sexual desires for the opposite-sex parent.

Answer: 6 years to puberty, Sexual feelings are less important.

Answer: puberty and older, If prior stages have been properly reached, mature sexual orientation develops.

Answer: Theories based on Freudian principles that emphasize the role of the unconscious and early experience in shaping personality but place less evidence on sexuality as the primary motivating force in personality and are more optimistic concerning the prospects for personality growth and change in personality in adults.

Answer: According to Carl Jung, a collection of shared ancestral memories.

Answer: An approach to psychology that embraces the notions of self-esteem, self-actualization, and free will.

Answer: The set of beliefs about who we are.

Answer: The motivation to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent.

Answer: Behaviors including being genuine, open to experience, transparent, able to listen to others, and self-disclosing and empathic.

Answer: The basic biological unit that transmits characteristics from one generation to the next.

Answer: A complex inborn pattern of behaviors that help ensure survival and reproduction.

Answer: A variety of research techniques that scientists use to learn about the genetic and environmental influences on human behavior by comparing the traits of biologically and nonbiologically related family members.

Answer: A behavioral genetics study that starts with one person who has a trait of interest and examines the individual's family tree to determine the extent to which other family members also have the trait.

Answer: A behavioral genetics study in which the data from many pairs of twins are collected and the rates of similarity for identical and fraternal pairs are compared.

Answer: A behavioral genetics study that compares biologically related people, including twins, who have been reared either separately or apart.

Answer: The study of which genes are associated with which personality traits.

Answer: The application of psychological science to understanding and treating mental disorders.

Answer: The frequency of occurrence of a given condition in a population at a given time.

Answer: An ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that causes significant distress, and that is considered deviant in that person's culture or society.

Answer: A way of understanding disorder that assumes that disorder is caused by biological, psychological, and social factors.

Answer: A situation that occurs when people who suffer from one disorder also suffer at the same time from one or more other disorders.

Answer: A document that provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders.

Answer: A disgrace or defect that indicates that person belongs to a culturally devalued social group.