Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /Psychology Chapters 1-14 Part 10
Psychology Chapters 1-14 Part 10
This deck covers key concepts from psychology chapters 1-14, focusing on memory, learning, and cognitive processes.
observational learning
Learning by observing the behavior of others.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
observational learning
Learning by observing the behavior of others.
social dilemma
A situation in which the behavior that creates the most rewards for the individual may in the long term lead to negative consequences for the group as...
prisoner's dilemma
A social dilemma in which the goals of the individual compete with the goals of another individual (or sometimes with a group of other individuals).
memory
The ability to store and retrieve information over time.
cognition
The processes of acquiring and using knowledge.
explicit memory
Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
observational learning | Learning by observing the behavior of others. |
social dilemma | A situation in which the behavior that creates the most rewards for the individual may in the long term lead to negative consequences for the group as a whole. |
prisoner's dilemma | A social dilemma in which the goals of the individual compete with the goals of another individual (or sometimes with a group of other individuals). |
memory | The ability to store and retrieve information over time. |
cognition | The processes of acquiring and using knowledge. |
explicit memory | Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered. |
episodic memory | Explicit memory about the firsthand experiences that we have had. |
semantic memory | Explicit memory of knowledge of facts and concepts about the world. |
recall memory test | A measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered. |
recognition memory test | A measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether information has been seen or learned before. |
relearning (or savings) | A measure of explicit memory that involves assessing how much more quickly information is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned but then forgotten. |
implicit memory | The influence of experience on behavior, even if the individual is not aware of those influences. |
procedural memory | Implicit memory about our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things. |
priming | Changes in behavior as a result of experiences that have happened frequently or recently. |
sensory memory | The brief storage of sensory information. |
iconic memory | The visual sensory memory. |
echoic memory | The auditory sensory memory. |
short-term memory | Memory where small amounts of information can be kept for more than a few seconds but less than one minute. |
working memory | The processes that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, and store information in short-term memory. |
central executive | The part of working memory that directs attention and processing. |
maintenance rehearsal | The process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in short-term memory. |
chunking | The process of organizing information into smaller groupings (chunks), thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in short-term memory. |
long-term memory | Memory storage that can hold information for days, months, and years. |
encoding | The process by which we place the things that we experience into memory. |
elaborative encoding | Learning by processing new information in ways that make it more relevant. |
spacing effects | The fact that learning is better when the same amount of study is spread out over periods of time than it is when it occurs closer together or at the same time. |
retrieval | The process of reactivating information that has been stored in memory. |
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | The experience of being certain that we know something that we are trying to recall, but yet we cannot quite come up with it. |
context-dependent learning | An increase in retrieval when the external situation in which information is learned matches the situation in which it is remembered. |
state-dependent learning | An increase in retrieval that occurs when the individual is tested in the same physiological or psychological state as during encoding. |
primacy effect | The tendency to better remember stimuli that are presented early in a list. |
recency effect | The tendency to better remember stimuli that are presented later in a list. |
retroactive interference | Memory impairment that occurs when learning something new impairs memory for information that was learned earlier. |
proactive interference | Memory impairment that occurs when earlier learning impairs our ability to encode information that we try to learn later. |
category | A network of associated memories that have features in common with each other. |
prototype | The member of the category that is most average or typical of the category. |
schema | A pattern of knowledge in long-term memory that helps us organize information. |
long-term potentiation | The development of memory that occurs through strengthening of the synaptic connections between neurons. |
Period of consolidation | The period of time in which LTP occurs and in which memories are stored. |
amnesia | A memory disorder that involves the inability to remember information. |
retrograde amnesia | A memory disorder that involves the inability to retrieve events that occurred before a given time. |