Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /Psychology Chapters 1-14 Part 11
Psychology Chapters 1-14 Part 11
This deck covers key psychological concepts and terms from chapters 1 to 14, including memory disorders, cognitive biases, intelligence theories, and language components.
anterograde amnesia
A memory disorder that involves the inability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
anterograde amnesia
A memory disorder that involves the inability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory.
Glutamate
A neurotransmitter and a form of the amino acid glutamic acid, is perhaps the most important neurotransmitter in memory.
cognitive biases
Errors in memory or judgment that are caused by the inappropriate use of cognitive processes.
source monitoring
The ability to accurately identify the source of a memory.
confirmation bias
The tendency to verify and confirm our existing memories rather than to challenge and disconfirm them.
functional fixedness
When schemas prevent us from seeing and using information in new and nontraditional ways.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
anterograde amnesia | A memory disorder that involves the inability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory. |
Glutamate | A neurotransmitter and a form of the amino acid glutamic acid, is perhaps the most important neurotransmitter in memory. |
cognitive biases | Errors in memory or judgment that are caused by the inappropriate use of cognitive processes. |
source monitoring | The ability to accurately identify the source of a memory. |
confirmation bias | The tendency to verify and confirm our existing memories rather than to challenge and disconfirm them. |
functional fixedness | When schemas prevent us from seeing and using information in new and nontraditional ways. |
misinformation effect | Errors in memory that occur when new but incorrect information influences existing accurate memories. |
overconfidence | When we are more certain that our memories and judgments are accurate than we should be. |
salience | When some stimuli, (e.g., those that are colorful, moving, or unexpected) grab our attention and make them more likely to be remembered. |
representativeness heuristic | Tendency to make judgments according to how well the event matches our expectations. |
availability heuristic | Idea that things that come to mind easily are seen as more common. |
cognitive accessibility | Idea that some memories are more highly activated than others. |
counterfactual thinking | When we 'replay' events such that they turn out differently (especially when only minor changes in the events leading up to them make a difference). |
sleeper effect | Attitude change that occurs over time when we forget the source of information. |
flashbulb memory | A vivid and emotional memory of an unusual event that people believe they remember very well. |
heuristic | An information-processing strategy that is useful in many cases but may lead to errors when misapplied. |
intelligence | The ability to think, to learn from experience, to solve problems, and to adapt to new situations. |
language | A system of communication that uses symbols in a regular way to create meaning. |
general intelligence factor (g) | The construct that the different abilities and skills measured on intelligence tests have in common. |
specific intelligence (s) | A measure of a specific skill in a narrow domain. |
triarchic (three-part) theory of intelligence | A theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that suggests that people may display more or less analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence. |
standardization | Administering a test to a large number of people at different ages and computing the average score on the test at each age level. |
Flynn effect | The observation that scores on intelligence tests worldwide have increased substantially over the past decades. |
mental age | The age at which a person is performing intellectually. |
intelligence quotient (IQ) | A measure of intelligence that is adjusted for age. |
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | The most widely used intelligence test for adults. |
personnel selection | The use of structured tests to select people who are likely to perform well at given jobs. |
emotional intelligence | The ability to identify, assess, manage, and control one's emotions. |
normal distribution (or bell curve) | The pattern of scores usually observed in a variable that clusters around its average. |
mental retardation | A generalized disorder mostly found in males, ascribed to those who have an IQ below 70, who have experienced deficits since childhood, and who have trouble with basic life skills, such as dressing and feeding oneself and communicating with others. |
down syndrome | A chromosomal disorder leading to mental retardation and caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome. |
eugenics | The misguided proposal that one could improve the human species by encouraging or permitting reproduction of only those people with genetic characteristics judged desirable. |
stereotype threat | Performance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes. |
phoneme | The smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in a language. |
morpheme | A string of one or more phonemes that makes up the smallest units of meaning in a language. |
syntax | The set of rules of a language that is used to construct sentences. |
contextual information | Information surrounding language that is used to help interpret it. |
critical period | A time in which learning can easily occur. |
plasticity | The brain's ability to develop new neural connections. |
Broca's area | An area of the brain in front of the left hemisphere near the motor cortex that is responsible for language production. |