Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /Psychology Chapters 1-14 Part 6
Psychology Chapters 1-14 Part 6
This deck covers key psychological concepts and terms from chapters 1-14, including perception, sleep, and psychoactive drugs.
light and shadow
The eye receives more reflected light from objects that are closer to us. Normally, light comes from above, so darker images are in shadow.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
light and shadow
The eye receives more reflected light from objects that are closer to us. Normally, light comes from above, so darker images are in shadow.
interposition
When one object overlaps another object, we view it as closer.
aerial perspective
Objects that appear hazy, or that are covered with smog or dust, appear farther away.
beta effect
The perception of motion that occurs when different images are presented next to each other in succession.
phi phenomenon
The perception of motion caused by the appearance and disappearance of objects that are near each other.
frequency
The wavelength of a sound wave.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
light and shadow | The eye receives more reflected light from objects that are closer to us. Normally, light comes from above, so darker images are in shadow. |
interposition | When one object overlaps another object, we view it as closer. |
aerial perspective | Objects that appear hazy, or that are covered with smog or dust, appear farther away. |
beta effect | The perception of motion that occurs when different images are presented next to each other in succession. |
phi phenomenon | The perception of motion caused by the appearance and disappearance of objects that are near each other. |
frequency | The wavelength of a sound wave. |
pitch | The perceived frequency of a sound. |
amplitude | The height of a sound wave. |
loudness | The degree of sound volume. |
decibel | The unit of relative loudness. |
pinna | The external and visible part of the ear. |
tympanic membrane | The membrane at the end of the ear canal that relays vibrations into the middle ear. |
ossicles | The three tiny bones in the ear (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that relay sound from the eardrum to the cochlea. |
cochlea | A snail-shaped liquid-filled tube in the inner ear that contains the cilia. |
oval window | The membrane covering the opening of the cochlea. |
frequency theory | A theory of pitch perception that proposes that nerve impulses corresponding to the pitch of a sound are sent to the auditory nerve. |
place theory | A theory of pitch perception that proposes that different areas of the cochlea respond to different sound frequencies. |
proprioception | The ability to sense the position and movement of our body parts. |
vestibular system | A set of liquid-filled areas in the inner ear that monitors the head's position and movement, maintaining the body's balance. |
gate control theory of pain | A theory of pain proposing that pain is determined by the operation of two types of nerve fibers in the spinal cord. |
sensory interaction | The working together of different senses to create experience. |
selective attention | The ability to focus on some sensory inputs while tuning out others. |
sensory adaptation | A decreased sensitivity to a stimulus after prolonged and constant exposure. |
perceptual constancy | The ability to perceive a stimulus as constant despite changes in sensation. |
illusion | The perceptual processes that normally help us correctly perceive the world around us are fooled by a particular situation so that we see something that does not exist or that is incorrect. |
consciousness | The subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment. |
biological rhythms | Regularly occurring cycles of behaviors caused by biological factors. |
circadian rhythms | The biological cycle that guides the daily waking and sleeping in many animals. |
REM sleep | A sleep stage characterized by the presence of fast eye movements and dreaming. |
non REM sleep | A deep sleep, characterized by very slow brain waves, which is further subdivided into three substages, labeled as stages N1, N2, and N3 |
awake | Beta waves happen when you're in |
drowsy, relaxed | Alpha waves happen when you're in |
stage N1 | Theta waves happen when you're in |
stage N2 | sleep spindles happen when you're in |
stage N3 | delta waves happen when you're in |
insomnia | A sleep disorder that involves persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep. |
sleep apnea | A sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least 10 seconds during sleep. |
narcolepsy | A disorder characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of 'nodding off.' |
newborns | Need 12-18 hours of sleep |
infants | Need 14-15 hours of sleep |
toddlers | Need 12 -14 hours of sleep |
preschoolers | Need 11-13 hours of sleep |
teens | Need 8.5 - 9.25 hours of sleep |
adults | Need 7-9 hours of sleep |
dreams | The succession of images, thoughts, sounds, and emotions that passes through our minds while sleeping. |
psychoactive drug | A chemical that changes our states of consciousness, and particularly our perceptions and moods. |
stimulants | Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines. Block the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the synapses of the CNS. |
depressants | Alcohol, barbituates and benzodiazeprines, toxic inhalants. Change consciousness by increasing the production of the neurotransmitter GABA and decreasing the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, usually at the level of the thalamus and the reticular formation. |
opioids | Opium, morphine, heroin. Slowing of many body functions, constipation, respiratory and cardiac depression, and the rapid development of tolerance |
hallucinogens | Marijuana, LSD, PCP, peyote. Altered consciousness; hallucinations. |