Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /Psychology Chapters 1-14 Part 8
Psychology Chapters 1-14 Part 8
This deck covers important concepts and definitions from chapters 1-14 of a psychology textbook, focusing on developmental psychology, cognitive development, and social identity.
teratogens
Any harmful material that can bypass the filter in the placenta and pass from the mother to the fetus.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
teratogens
Any harmful material that can bypass the filter in the placenta and pass from the mother to the fetus.
fetal alcohol syndrome
The detrimental effect of large amounts of maternal alcohol consumption on fetal development.
rooting reflex
The baby turns its head toward the stroking, opens its mouth, and tries to suck. Ensures the infant's feeding will be a reflexive habit.
blink reflex
The baby closes both eyes. Protects eyes from strong and potentially dangerous stimuli.
withdrawal reflex
The baby flexes the leg. Keeps the exploring infant away from painful stimuli.
tonic neck reflex
The baby turns its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side. Helps develop hand-eye coordination.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
teratogens | Any harmful material that can bypass the filter in the placenta and pass from the mother to the fetus. |
fetal alcohol syndrome | The detrimental effect of large amounts of maternal alcohol consumption on fetal development. |
rooting reflex | The baby turns its head toward the stroking, opens its mouth, and tries to suck. Ensures the infant's feeding will be a reflexive habit. |
blink reflex | The baby closes both eyes. Protects eyes from strong and potentially dangerous stimuli. |
withdrawal reflex | The baby flexes the leg. Keeps the exploring infant away from painful stimuli. |
tonic neck reflex | The baby turns its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side. Helps develop hand-eye coordination. |
grasp reflex | The baby grasps the object pressed and can even hold its own weight for a brief period. Helps in exploratory learning. |
moro reflex | The baby extends arms and legs and quickly brings them in as if trying to grasp something. Protects from falling; could have assisted infants in holding onto their mothers during rough traveling. |
stepping reflex | Baby makes stepping motions as if trying to walk. Helps encourage motor development. |
habituation | Decreased responsiveness toward a stimulus after it has been presented numerous times in succession. |
habituation procedure | A procedure that uses the principles of habituation to allow researchers to infer the cognitive processes of newborns. |
schema | A pattern of knowledge in long-term memory that helps us organize information. |
assimilation | The use of an already developed schema to understand new information. |
accommodation | The change of an existing schema on the basis of new information. |
sensorimotor | A stage of Piaget's model of cognitive development, lasting from birth to age 2, in which the baby perceives the environment through the senses and motor skills. |
object permanence | The ability to be aware of an object's existence even when it is not visible. |
preoperational stage | A stage of Piaget's cognitive development model, lasting from 2 to 7 years of age, in which children become capable of forming mental images. |
theory of mind | The ability to take another person's viewpoint. |
concrete operational | A stage of Piaget's cognitive development model, between ages 7 to 11 years, in which children begin to use concepts of time, space, and numbers more accurately, and are able to use deductive or reversible reasoning. |
conservation | The understanding that changes in the form of an object do not necessarily mean changes in the quantity of the object. |
formal operational | A stage of Piaget's cognitive development model, reached by children 11 years and older, in which they begin to think in abstract terms. |
self concept | A schema that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles. |
attachment | The strong need of an infant to be close to the primary caregiver. |
strange situation | A measure of attachment in young children in which the child's behaviors are assessed in a situation in which the caregiver and a stranger move in and out of the environment. |
temperament | The innate personality characteristics of an infant. |
longitudinal research design | Research in which individuals are studied over an extended period of time, often over multiple developmental stages. |
cross sectional research design | A research design in which comparisons are made between samples of people at different ages. |
cohort effects | Refers to the possibility that differences in cognition or behavior at two points in time may be caused by differences that are unrelated to the changes in age. The differences might instead be due to environmental factors that affect an entire age group. |
emerging adulthood | The ages between 18 years and the middle or late 20s when the adolescent is first becoming an adult. |
puberty | A developmental stage in adolescence in which hormonal changes create rapid physical changes in the body. |
primary sex characteristics | The organs concerned with reproduction, including the testicles and the penis in boys and the ovaries, uterus, and vagina in girls. |
secondary sex characteristics | Physical features that distinguish the two sexes from each other but that are not involved in reproduction. |
menarche | The first menstrual period. |
Identity-diffusion | The individual does not have firm commitments regarding the issues in question and is not making progress toward them. |
Foreclosure | The individual has not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established an identity based on the choices or values of others. |
Moratorium | The individual is exploring various choices but has not yet made a clear commitment to any of them. |
Identity achievement | The individual has attained a coherent and committed identity based on personal decisions. |
social identity | The part of the self-concept that is derived from one's group memberships. |
preconventional | The man shouldn't steal the drug, as he may get caught and go to jail. |
conventional | He should not steal the drug, as everyone will see him as a thief, and his wife, who needs the drug, wouldn't want to be cured because of thievery, or, No matter what, he should obey the law because stealing is a crime. |