Back to AI Flashcard MakerPsychology /Psychology Chapters 1-14 Part 9
Psychology Chapters 1-14 Part 9
This deck covers key concepts from psychology, including learning theories, conditioning, and cognitive processes, as well as developmental milestones and parenting styles.
postconventional
The man should steal the drug to cure his wife and then tell the authorities that he has done so. He may have to pay a penalty, but at least he has saved a human life.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
postconventional
The man should steal the drug to cure his wife and then tell the authorities that he has done so. He may have to pay a penalty, but at least he has sa...
parenting style
Parental behaviors that determine the nature of parent-child interactions.
menopause
The cessation of the menstrual cycle, which usually occurs at around age 50.
social clock
The culturally preferred 'right time' for major life events, such as moving out of the house, getting married, and having children.
crystallized intelligence
A person's accumulated general knowledge about the world, including semantic knowledge, vocabulary, and language.
fluid intelligence
The ability to think and acquire information quickly and abstractly.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
postconventional | The man should steal the drug to cure his wife and then tell the authorities that he has done so. He may have to pay a penalty, but at least he has saved a human life. |
parenting style | Parental behaviors that determine the nature of parent-child interactions. |
menopause | The cessation of the menstrual cycle, which usually occurs at around age 50. |
social clock | The culturally preferred 'right time' for major life events, such as moving out of the house, getting married, and having children. |
crystallized intelligence | A person's accumulated general knowledge about the world, including semantic knowledge, vocabulary, and language. |
fluid intelligence | The ability to think and acquire information quickly and abstractly. |
dementia | A progressive neurological disease that includes loss of cognitive abilities, which affect social and occupational functioning. |
learning | The relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior due to experience. |
conditioning | The ability to connect stimuli (the changes that occur in our environment) with responses (behaviors or other actions). |
classical conditioning | Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. |
unconditioned stimulus | Something (such as food) that naturally triggers a response. |
unconditioned response | The naturally occurring response (such as salivation) that follows the unconditioned stimulus. |
conditioned stimulus | A neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, begins to evoke a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus. |
conditioned response | An acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus. |
extinction | The reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus. |
spontaneous recovery | The increase in responding to the conditioned stimulus (CS) after a pause that follows extinction. |
generalization | The tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus. |
discrimination | The tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar, but not identical. |
second order conditioning | Conditioning that occurs when an existing conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for a new conditioned stimulus. |
phobia | A strong and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. |
operant conditioning | Learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior. |
law of effect | The principle that responses that create a typically pleasant outcome in a particular situation are more likely to occur again in a similar situation, whereas responses that produce a typically unpleasant outcome are less likely to occur again in the situation. |
skinner box | A structure used to study operant learning in small animals. |
reinforcer | Any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior. |
punisher | Any event that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior. |
positive reinforcement | The strengthening of a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after the response. |
negative reinforcement | The strengthening of a response by removing a typically unpleasant stimulus after the response. |
positive punishment | The weakening of a response by presenting a typically unpleasant stimulus after the response. |
negative punishment | The weakening of a response by removing a typically pleasant stimulus after the response. |
continuous reinforcement schedule | A reinforcement schedule in which the desired response is reinforced every time it occurs. |
partial reinforcement schedule | A reinforcement schedule in which the desired response is sometimes reinforced, and sometimes not. |
fixed ratio | Behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses. Factory workers who are paid according to the number of products they produce. |
variable ratio | Behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictable, number of responses. Payoffs from slot machines and other games of chance. |
fixed interval | Behavior is reinforced for the first response after a specific amount of time has passed. People who earn a monthly salary. |
variable interval | Behavior is reinforced for the first response after an average, but unpredictable, amount of time has passed. Person who checks voice mail for messages. |
shaping | The process of guiding an organism's behavior to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximation to a final desired behavior. |
primary reinforcer | Stimuli that are naturally preferred or enjoyed by the organism, such as food, water, and relief from pain. |
secondary reinforcer | Neutral events that have become associated with a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning. |
insight | The sudden understanding of the solution to a problem. |
latent learning | Learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so. |