Back to AI Flashcard MakerStatistics /Statistics for Behavioral Sciences Chapter 1 Part 2
Statistics for Behavioral Sciences Chapter 1 Part 2
This deck covers essential concepts and definitions from Chapter 1, Part 2 of Statistics for Behavioral Sciences, focusing on research methods, variables, and measurement scales.
Chi-square tests
summary tables
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Chi-square tests
summary tables
scatter plot
a graph in which each individual is represented by a point so that the horizontal position corresponds to the student’s wake-up time and the vertical ...
Limitations of the Correlational Method
The results from a correlational study can demonstrate the existence of a relationship between two variables, but they do not provide an explanation f...
experimental method/experimental research strategy
one variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured. To establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables, a...
Manipulation
The researcher manipulates one variable by changing its value from one level to another
Control
The researcher must exercise control over the research situation to ensure that other, extraneous variables do not influence the relationship being ex...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Chi-square tests | summary tables |
scatter plot | a graph in which each individual is represented by a point so that the horizontal position corresponds to the student’s wake-up time and the vertical position corresponds to the student’s academic performance score. |
Limitations of the Correlational Method | The results from a correlational study can demonstrate the existence of a relationship between two variables, but they do not provide an explanation for the relationship.We can say that changes in one variable are accompanied by changes in a second variable, but we cannot say why. |
experimental method/experimental research strategy | one variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured. To establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables, an experiment attempts to control all other variables to prevent them from influencing the results. |
Manipulation | The researcher manipulates one variable by changing its value from one level to another |
Control | The researcher must exercise control over the research situation to ensure that other, extraneous variables do not influence the relationship being examined. |
When using the experimental method to correlate two or more manipulated and controlled variables, what are two general categories of variables that researchers must consider? | Participant variables; environmental variables |
Three basic techniques to control other variable | random assignment, matching, holding them constant |
*Independent Variable | is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher. In behavioral research, the independent variable usually consists of the two (or more) treatment conditions to which subjects are exposed. The independent variable consists of the antecedent conditions that were manipulated prior to observing the dependent variable. |
*Dependent Variable | the variable that is observed to assess the effect of the treatment. |
Correlational method vs Experimental method | In a correlational methods, both or more variables are measured. In experimental methods, one or more variable is controlled and manipulated (independent) while only one variable is observed (dependent). |
Control condition | An individual does not receive the experimental treatment. Instead, they either receive no treatment or they receive a neutral, placebo treatment. The purpose of a control condition is to provide a baseline comparison with the experimental condition. |
experimental condition | Individuals who receive the experimental treatment. |
Non-experimental study | A study that does not have control and experimental groups. |
nonequivalent groups | A research study in which the different groups of participants are formed under circumstances that do not permit the researcher to control the assignment of individuals to groups and the groups of participants are, therefore, considered nonequivalent. |
pre–post study | Quasi-experimental and nonexperimental designs consisting of a series of observations made over time. The goal is to evaluate the effect of an intervening treatment or event by comparing observations made before versus after the treatment. |
quasi-independent variable. | the “independent variable” (considered but not really) that is used to create the different groups of scores |
discrete variable | variables that are counted (how many marbles) A discrete variable consists of separate, indivisible categories. No values can exist between two neighboring categories. |
continuous variable | variables that are measured (height inches) there are an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values. A continuous variable is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts. |
Constructs | internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior. |
Nonequivalent group study | A research study in which the different groups of participants are formed under circumstances that do not permit the researcher to control the assignment of individuals to groups and the groups of participants are, therefore, considered nonequivalent. |
A ratio scale | is an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point. With a ratio scale, ratios of numbers do reflect ratios of magnitude. |
operational definition | identifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations) for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct. Note that an operational definition has two components. First, it describes a set of operations for measuring a construct. Second, it defines the construct in terms of the resulting measurements. |