The Spread of Fake News and Related Concepts
This deck covers the spread of fake news, its impact, and related linguistic exercises. It includes sentence formation using given words, sentence transformation, and insights from a study on fake news dissemination.
Use the word given to form a sentence: MOVE.
The UK’s next #givingtuesday, three days after the US celebrates Thanksgiving, is part of a new, fast-growing 1. _____________________ capturing the imagination of people and organizations here and around the world.
The UK’s next #givingtuesday, three days after the US celebrates Thanksgiving, is part of a new, fast-growing 1. MOVEMENT capturing the imagination of people and organizations here and around the world.
Key Terms
Use the word given to form a sentence: MOVE.
The UK’s next #givingtuesday, three days after the US celebrates Thanksgiving, is part of a new, fast-growing 1. _____________________ capturing the imagination of people and organizations here and around the world.
The UK’s next #givingtuesday, three days after the US celebrates Thanksgiving, is part of a new, fast-growing 1. MOVEMENT capturing the imagination...
Use the word given to form a sentence: SHOP
It started in the US in 2012 as a very simple idea: to add a day to the calendar directly after the 2. _____________________ frenzy of Black Friday and Cyber Monday that focused on giving, not getting. This idea has now spread far and wide. Last year there were over a dozen campaigns in some 70 countries.
It started in the US in 2012 as a very simple idea: to add a day to the calendar directly after the 2. SHOPPING frenzy of Black Friday and Cyber Mo...
Use the word given to form a sentence: INVOLVE.
That stands in sharp contrast to the tiny size of the teams behind the campaign. For now, the UK team comprises just three people who do much of the legwork of getting people and organizations excited about the idea and helping them find the best way to get 3. _____________________. This year, for instance, they have persuaded public relations and digital agencies to lend a hand.
That stands in sharp contrast to the tiny size of the teams behind the campaign. For now, the UK team comprises just three people who do much of th...
Use the word given to form a sentence: ENCOURAGE.
But, of course, the real team comprises all the partners – more than 1,500 businesses, charities and others – who come up with the fantastic ideas and ways of 4. _____________________ people to give their time and money.
But, of course, the real team comprises all the partners – more than 1,500 businesses, charities and others – who come up with the fantastic ideas ...
Use the word given to form a sentence: DONATE.
With social media at the core of the campaign, organizations of all sizes as well as celebrities could join the cause to raise money, give their time or do something nice for someone else. Staff at Morrisons will be showing their support and encouraging shoppers to give 5. _____________________, RBS employees will be sharing stories about their charity work, and a choir of members of Parliament will sing to raise money for doctors in Aleppo.
With social media at the core of the campaign, organizations of all sizes as well as celebrities could join the cause to raise money, give their ti...
Use the word given to form a sentence: EXCITE
As a young and growing operation, #givingtuesday is changing and evolving all the time. We are 6. _____________________ to see what happens next.
As a young and growing operation, #givingtuesday is changing and evolving all the time. We are 6. EXCITED to see what happens next.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Use the word given to form a sentence: MOVE. The UK’s next #givingtuesday, three days after the US celebrates Thanksgiving, is part of a new, fast-growing 1. _____________________ capturing the imagination of people and organizations here and around the world. | The UK’s next #givingtuesday, three days after the US celebrates Thanksgiving, is part of a new, fast-growing 1. MOVEMENT capturing the imagination of people and organizations here and around the world. |
Use the word given to form a sentence: SHOP It started in the US in 2012 as a very simple idea: to add a day to the calendar directly after the 2. _____________________ frenzy of Black Friday and Cyber Monday that focused on giving, not getting. This idea has now spread far and wide. Last year there were over a dozen campaigns in some 70 countries. | It started in the US in 2012 as a very simple idea: to add a day to the calendar directly after the 2. SHOPPING frenzy of Black Friday and Cyber Monday that focused on giving, not getting. This idea has now spread far and wide. Last year there were over a dozen campaigns in some 70 countries. |
Use the word given to form a sentence: INVOLVE. That stands in sharp contrast to the tiny size of the teams behind the campaign. For now, the UK team comprises just three people who do much of the legwork of getting people and organizations excited about the idea and helping them find the best way to get 3. _____________________. This year, for instance, they have persuaded public relations and digital agencies to lend a hand. | That stands in sharp contrast to the tiny size of the teams behind the campaign. For now, the UK team comprises just three people who do much of the legwork of getting people and organizations excited about the idea and helping them find the best way to get 3. INVOLVED. This year, for instance, they have persuaded public relations and digital agencies to lend a hand. |
Use the word given to form a sentence: ENCOURAGE. But, of course, the real team comprises all the partners – more than 1,500 businesses, charities and others – who come up with the fantastic ideas and ways of 4. _____________________ people to give their time and money. | But, of course, the real team comprises all the partners – more than 1,500 businesses, charities and others – who come up with the fantastic ideas and ways of 4. ENCOURAGING people to give their time and money. |
Use the word given to form a sentence: DONATE. With social media at the core of the campaign, organizations of all sizes as well as celebrities could join the cause to raise money, give their time or do something nice for someone else. Staff at Morrisons will be showing their support and encouraging shoppers to give 5. _____________________, RBS employees will be sharing stories about their charity work, and a choir of members of Parliament will sing to raise money for doctors in Aleppo. | With social media at the core of the campaign, organizations of all sizes as well as celebrities could join the cause to raise money, give their time or do something nice for someone else. Staff at Morrisons will be showing their support and encouraging shoppers to give 5. DONATIONS, RBS employees will be sharing stories about their charity work, and a choir of members of Parliament will sing to raise money for doctors in Aleppo. |
Use the word given to form a sentence: EXCITE As a young and growing operation, #givingtuesday is changing and evolving all the time. We are 6. _____________________ to see what happens next. | As a young and growing operation, #givingtuesday is changing and evolving all the time. We are 6. EXCITED to see what happens next. |
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. You must use the word given:USED Don’t worry! I face heavy traffic every day | Don't worry! I AM USED TO FACING. |
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. You must use the word given: GOT It was difficult in the beginning, but I became accustomed to this kind of food. | It was difficult in the beginning, but I GOT USED TO this kind of food. |
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. You must use the word given: IF I think you should go. | I would go IF I WERE you. |
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. You must use the word given: OFF Eight hundred for a pair of jeans? That’s too expensive! | Eight hundred for a pair of jeans? What a RIP OFF! |
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. You must use the word given: ON Are you sure you want to continue this relationship? | Are you sure you want TO GO ON with this relationship? |
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. You must use the word given: ANNOYING Jess was so annoyed by what he said, she had to leave the room. | What he said WAS SO ANNOYING, Jess had to leave the room. |
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. You must use the word given: PUZZLED That magic act was too puzzling for me. | I WAS PUZZLED BY that magic act. |
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. You must use the word given:WENT After the city tour, we walked along the beach and spent time looking at the shops. | After the city tour, we walked along the beach and WENT WINDOW SHOPPING. |
These insights emerge from a study published in the journal Science. Researchers at MIT, interested in how and why true and false news stories spread differently, used 126,000 stories that had been tweeted by 3 million people a total of 4.5 million times. Hopes are that the research helps to persuade more people that fake news powered by social media is a serious threat to all democracies’ health. 15. _________ | C. Apart from effects on elections and referendums, fake news in social media can assist hate speech to turn into communal violence more quickly |
The researchers studied what they called “rumor cascades”. A cascade starts with a Twitter user making an affirmation about a topic – with words, images, or links – and continues in an unbroken chain of retweets. 16. _________ False political news reached more people faster and went deeper into their networks than any other category of false information. | G. The study found that “falsehood spread significantly farther, faster, deeper and more broadly than truth in all categories of information”. |
17. _________ anger, fear, anticipation, trust, surprise, sadness, joy, and disgust. Are “bots” the main culprits in spreading falsity? No – the researchers found, it’s humans. | E. The study compared the emotional content of replies to true and false rumors by using hashtags and English words that associate with eight basic emotions: |
Calling for more effort to identify the factors in human judgment that spread true and false news, the research paper points to some obvious reasons to look deeper. 18. _________ | A. False news can drive misallocation of resources during terror attacks and natural disasters, the misalignment of business investments, and misinformed elections. |
Two features of this study are promising. First, artificial intelligence was successfully deployed to good effect. Second, Twitter provided access to its data and shared its expertise. 19. _________ | D. In response, researchers have offered to share their dataset, too. |
More honesty by the social media giants and greater collaboration by them with qualified partners in dealing with the problem of fake news is essential. 20. _________ They find, check and disseminate news, are well placed to assess veracity, attract masses of comments and discussion on social media platforms, and have a clear incentive to maintain trust in their own contributions to democratic life. | F. Traditional journalism organizations, for example, are potential partners. They find, check and disseminate news, are well placed to assess veracity, attract masses of comments and discussion on social media platforms, and have a clear incentive to maintain trust in their own contributions to democratic life. |