Urbanization and Social Change

By 1900, united states population nearly doubled to 40million, but the number of cities tripled.
Peasants pushed out of eurropean lands and go to America for industrial jobs.
Americans also become commuters, go to home and job on mass transit lines that went out from central cities to surrounding suburbs.
Megalopolis’ carved into distinctly different districts for business: industry and residential neighborhoods
- then naturally segregated by race, ethnicity, and social class.
Industrial jobs above all drew country folk off farms and into factory centers.
Waste disposal becomes a issue during new urban age

Allowed more people and workplaces to be packed onto a parcel of land. Appeared first as a ten story building in Chicago in 1885, it made usable by perfecting the electric elevator

Written by Theodore Dreiser; talks about leaving rural boredom to chicago just before the turn of the century, it is the spectacle of the city’s dazzling department stores that awakens her fateful yearning for a richer more elegant way of life – for entry into the privileged urban middle class whose existence she had scarcly imagined in the rustic country side

Wrote a book on Sister Carrie (Carrie Meeber)

Department stores such as macy’s in new york and marshall field’s in Chicago attracted urban middle class shoppers and provided urban working class jobs, many for women.

PHOTOGRAPHY; WROTE HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES; He is known for his dedication to using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the less fortunate in New York City; helped with the implementation of "model tenements" in New York

was a pioneering work of photojournalism by Jacob Riis, documenting the squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s. It served as a basis for future muckraking journalism by exposing the slums to New York City’s upper and middle class.

Acquired decaying hull mansion in Chicago in 1889 by jane Addams, there she established the Hull House, the most prominent (not first) American settlement house

a house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. At Settlement Houses, instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. The first Settlement House was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. These centers were usually run by educated middle class women. The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements

philosophy in which you hate immigrants and have much patriotism

APA whch was created in 1887 and soon claimed a million members. Apa urged voting against roman catholic candidates for office and sponsored the publication of lustful fantasies about runaway nuns

Erected in 1886 in New York Harbor, a gift from the people of France

the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor, is the location of what was from January 1, 1892, until November 12, 1954 the main entry facility for immigrants entering the United States; the facility replaced the state-run Castle Garden Immigration Depot (1855-1890) in Manhattan. It is owned by the Federal government

Long favorite of nativists because it favored the old immigrants over new, met vigorous opposition. It was not enacted until 1917, after three presidents had vetoed it on the grounds that literacy was more of a measure of opportunity than of intelligence

She founded the Church of Christ (Christian Science) in 1879. Preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness. (No need for a doctor, if have enough faith can heal self). Wrote a widely purchased book, "Science and Health with a key to the Scriptures".

Founded by Mary Baker Eddy; Preaching that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness, she set forther her views in a book entitled science and health with key to the scriptures

Whose soldiers, without swords, invaded American from England in 1879. and established a beachhead on the country’s street corners. Appealing frankly to the down and outers, the boldly named salvation army did much practical good, especially with free soup.

Active in the social gospel movement and friendlyt o urban revivalists like Dwight lyman moody, a former shoe salesman who captivated audiences with his message of forgivenemss, liberal protestants south to mediate between labor and capital science and faith, religious and secular values

An urban catholic leader devoted to American unity was immensely popular with roman catholics and protestants alike. Acquainted with every rpesident from Johnson to harding, he employed his liberal sympathies to assist the American labor movement

Young men and women’s Christian associations, that were made before the civil war and grew by leaps and bounds. Combined physical and other kidns of education with religious instruction. The young came from every American city by the end of the nineteenth century.

Wrote “on the origin of species”, publisbhed in 1859m on the eve fo the civil war, by the English naturalist charles Darwin. In lucid prose he set forth the sensational theory that higher forms of life had slowly evolved from lower forms through a process of random biological mutation and adaptation.
Natural selection, nature in his view blindly selected organism for survival or death based on random inheritable variations that they happened to possess. Some trates conferred advantages in the struggle for life, and hence better odds of passing them along to offspring. By providing a material explanation for the evolutionary process, darwin’s theory explicitly rejected the dogma of special creations which ascribed the design of each fixed species to divine agency.
People responded to his theories in different ways. At first most joined scientists in rejecting his idea.s after 1875, by which time most natural scientists had embraced evolution, the religious community split into two camps. A conservative minority stood firmly behind the scriptures as a infallible word of god, and they condemened what they thought was the bestial hypothesis of the Darwinians.
Did much to loosen religious moorings and to promote skepticism among the gospel glutted. While the liberal efforts at compromise did succeed in keeping many Americans in the pew, those compromise also tended to relegate religious teachings to matters of personal faith, private conduct, and family life. As science began to explain more fo the external world, commentators on nature and society increasingly refrained from adding religious perspectives to the discussions.

were teacher training schools, experienced a striking expansion after the civil war.
The spread of high schools in 1880s and 90s. before the civil war, private academies at the secondary level were common, and tax supported highschools were rare, numbering only a few hundered. But the concept that a high school education as well as a grade school education was the birthright of every citizen was now gaining impressive support. By 1900, there were some six thousand high schools. In addition, free textbooks were being provided in increasing quantities by the taxpayers of the state during the last two decades of the century.

A successor of the lyceums, which was launched in 1874 on the shores of lake Chautauqua in new york.. the organizers achieved gratifying success thorugh nation wide public lectures, often held in tents and featuring well known speakers, including witty mark twain. In addition, there were extensive Chautauqua courses of home study for which 10000 people enrolled in 1892 alone.
Helped educate the older adults.

An ex-slave who saved his money to buy himself an education. He believed that blacks must first gain economic equality before they gain social equality. He was President of the Tuskegee Institute and he was a part of the Atlanta Compromise. Washington believed that blacks should be taught useful skills so that whites would see them as useful

Headed by booker t Washington. It was a normal school and a industrial school in Alabama, he begain with fourty students in a tumbledown shanty. Undaunted, he taught black students useful trades so they could gain self respect and economic security

DOCTOR. Born in MA, earned PHD at Harvard, the first of his race to achieve that goal. (THE HONOR, I ASSURE YOU, WAS HARVARDS). He demanded complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic, and helped found the national association for the advancement of colored people in 1910. (NAACP),
He rejected booker t washington’s gradualism and separatism, he demanded that the talented tenth of the black community be given full and immediate access to the mainstream of American life

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States.[4] Its mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination."[

The Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition Speech was an address on the topic of race relations given by black leader Booker T. Washington on September 18, 1895.
The title "Atlanta Compromise" was given to the speech by Booker T. Washington, who believed it was insufficiently committed to the pursuit of social and political equality for Blacks.

(booker washington)it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy. Recognizing the depths of souther white racism, Washington avoided the issue of social equality. Instead he acquiesced in segregation in return for the right to develop – however, modestly and painstakingly – the economic and educational resources of the black community. Economic independence would ultimately be the ticket, Washington believed to black political and civil rights

Growth of higher education is owed to morrill act of 1862. this enlightened law provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education.
“land grant colleges” most of which became state universities, int urn bound themselves to provide certain services such as military training. The hatch act of 1887, extended the morril act, provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land grant colleges
These two pieces of legislation spawned over a hundred colleges and universities, including such institutions as the university of California, ohio state university, and texas A&M

One of america’s most brilliant intellectuals, the sligh and sickly William james served for thirty five years on the Harvard faculty. Through his numerous writings, he made a deep mark on many fields, his Principles of Psychology helped to establish the modern discipline of behavioral psychology.
In the Will to Believes, and Varieties of Religious Experience, he explored the philosophy and psychology of religion. His most famous work “pragmatism”, he colorfully described america’s greatest contribution to the history of philosophy.

was that the truth of an idea was to be tested, above all, by its practical consequences.

type of journalism that downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers.

was a relatively unsuccessful New York newspaper from 1860 to 1883. It was purchased by Joseph Pulitzer in 1883 and a new, aggressive era of circulation building began.

A Hungarian born and near blind leader in the techniques of sensationalism in st louis and especially with the new york world. His use of the colored comic supplements featuring the yellow kid, gave the name yellow journalism to his lurid sheets. He was a journalistic tycoon. Overall influence of him and Hearst (founder f a chain of newspapers), was not big. Both championed many worthy causes, both prostituted the press in their struggle for increased circulation; both “stooped, snooped, and scooped to conquer” their flair for scandal and sensational rumor was happily somewhat offset by the introduction of syndicated material and by the strengthening of the news gathering associated press, which had been founded in 1840.

Three magazines. “Magazines partially satisfied the public appetite for good reading, notably old standys like Harper’s, the Atlantic Monthly, and Scribner’s Monthly.

Original thinker who left an enduring mark. He wrote the “progress and poverty” book that undertook to solve the great enigma of our times. the association of progress with poverty.

Soon became controversial, his single tax ideas were so horrifiying to the propertied classes that his manuscript was rejected by numerous publishers. Finally brought out in 1879, the book gradually broke into the best seller list and ultimately sold some 3million copies

A MA yankee, who wrote Looking Backward in 1888, where his hero goes into a hypnotic sleep, wakes up in year 2000, and looks backwards, to find that the social and economic injustices of 1887 have melted away under an idyllic government, which has nationalized big business to serve public interest. To a nation already alarmed by the trust evil, the book had a magnetic appeal and sold over a million copies. Scores of bellamy clubs sprang up to discuss this mild utopian socialism, and they heavily influenced American reform movements near the end of the century.

was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose thoughts and ideas have been greatly influential in the United States and around the world. is recognized as one of the founders of the philosophical school of pragmatism. He is also one of the founders of functional psychology

academic philosophical discussion groups pursued critical thinking of a pragmatist and positivist nature and rejected traditional European metaphysics.

He was America's most popular author, but also renowned platform lecturer. He lived from 1835 to 1910. Used "romantic" type literature with comedy to entertain his audiences. In 1873 along with the help of Charles Dudley Warner he wrote The Gilded Age. This is why the time period is called the "Gilded Age". The greatest contribution he made to American literature was the way he captured the frontier realism and humor through the dialect his characters use.

He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse.[1] His work was very controversial in its time, particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass, which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality

a popular writer of the Post-Civil War time period. Alger was a Puritan New Englander who wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction during his career; the famous "rags to riches" theme.

a theme of many novels in his time-used to support the idea od the guilded age; looks great on the out side to go from rags to riches, but for real, it doesn't happen often.

was an American author and poet, best remembered for his accounts of pioneering life in California.

was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism.

Jack wrote from a socialist viewpoint, was an American author who wrote The Call of the Wild, White Fang, and The Sea Wolf along with many other popular books.

He is one of the key figures of 19th century literary realism;

was an American suffragist who was described by Gilded Age newspapers as a leader of the American woman's suffrage movement in the 19th century. She became a colorful and notorious symbol for women's rights, free love, and labor reforms. She is probably most famous for her declaration to run for the United States Presidency in 1872.

is a political party in the United States best known for its historic opposition to the sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages. The Party was an integral part of the temperance movement

made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information. In addition to banning contraceptives, this act also banned the distribution of information on abortion for educational purposes

is a non-profit organization which claims to be dedicated to preventing cruelty towards animals. Henry Bergh founded ASPCA on April 10, 1866 in New York City

major feminist prophet during the late 19th and early 20th century. She published "Women and Economics" which called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute more to the community through the economy. She created centralized nurseries and kitchens to help get women into the work force.

was an African American sociologist, civil rights leader and a women's rights leader active in the Woman Suffrage Movement. Best known for her opposition to lynchings, Wells documented hundreds of these atrocities.

was an American social activist and leading figure of the early woman's movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United States.

an American women's rights organization;Susan B. Anthony was the dominant figure in NAWSA from 1890 to 1900, at which time she stepped down in favor of Carrie Chapman Catt

was a prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States. Worked with Stanton

was a woman's suffrage leader. She was elected president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) twice; After the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Catt retired from NAWSA. [1]

Catt founded the League of Women Voters in 1920 as a successor to NAWSA.

was a member of the temperance movement—which opposed alcohol in pre-Prohibition America—particularly noted for promoting her viewpoint through vandalism. On many occasions, Nation would enter an alcohol-serving establishment and attack the bar with a hatchet

is the oldest continuing non-sectarian women's organization worldwide. Founded in Evanston, Illinois in 1873, the group spearheaded the crusade for prohibition. Members in Fredonia, New York advanced their cause by entering saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloon keepers to stop selling alcohol.

was the leading organization lobbying for Prohibition in the United States in the early 20th century. It was a key component of the Progressive Movement, and was strongest in the South and rural North, drawing heavy support from pietistic Protestant ministers and their congregations, especially Methodists, Baptists, Disciples and Congregationalists. It concentrated on legislation, and cared about how legislators voted, not whether they drank or not.

a World's Fair, was held in Chicago in 1893, to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World.

was an American architect, and has been called the "father of modernism." He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper,

A deaf Edison invented the phonograph and by 1900 it was used in over 150,000 homes. His invention made going to the symphony obsolete. He also invented the light bulb. This invention changed the way of life for thousands of Americans

Started by Barnum, joined James Bailey to stage the "greatest show on earth"; amusement for america

was a genre of variety entertainment prevalent on the stage in the United States and Canada, from the early 1880s until the early 1930s.
It developed from many sources, including the concert saloon, minstrelsy, freak shows, dime museums, and literary burlesque. Vaudeville became one of the most popular types of entertainment in North America defining an entertainment era. Each evening's bill of performance was made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts.

first in 1883 included Buffalo Bill against the indians, live buffalo, and deadeye marksmen; amusement.

was an American novelist, during the Progressive Era, writing predominantly in the naturalist genre.; McTeague (1899), The Octopus: A California Story (1901), and The Pit (1903). ; Although he did not openly support socialism as a political system, his work nevertheless evinces a socialist mentality and influenced socialist/progressive writers such as Upton Sinclair. Like many of his contemporaries, he was profoundly influenced by the advent of Darwinism,

Seven or eight story high slums, with shallow sunless and ill smelling air shafts providing minimal ventilation.
Several families on eich floor and shared a nasty toilet in the hall

A harplike suspension span dedicated in 1883, further adding glamour of cities

Until the 1880s most immigrants had come from british isles and western Europe, chiefly germany and Scandinavia.

In 1880s, the character of the new immigrants changed. They came from southern and eastern Europe. Italians, croats, Slovaks, greeks, and poles; many of them worshiped orthodox churches or synagogues.
- many came from countries with little democratic government
o bad assimilation, illiterate, impoverished, most preferred to seek industrial jobs in jam packed cities rather than move out to farms.
o Went to new york and Chicago, where little italys and little polands soonclaimed more inhabitants than many of the largest cities of the same nationality in the old world.

American food imports and the pace of European industrialization shook the peasantry loose from its ancient habitats and customary occupations, creating a vast, footloose army of unemployed.

America fever!
- industrialists wanted low wage labor
- railroads wanted buyers for their land grants
- states wanted more population
- asteamship lines wanted more human cargo fro their holds
o all this contributed to why immigration was accepted and wanted.



THERE WERE A LOT OF WEIRD REACTIONS TO THE NEW IMMIGRATION
- America’s government system was not suited for big cities
o Did nothing to assimilate immigrants into American society
 State governments usually dominated by rural representatives, did even less.
 City governments were overwhelmed by the sheer scale of urabn growth, and was inadequate to assimilating them.
 BECAUSE OF ALL THEIR SUCKINESS, unofficial “governments” of urban political machines, led by “bosses” like boss tweed were the things that immigrants turned to.
- Taking care of immigrants was big business.
o Trade jobs for votes, bosses might have loyalty of 1000’s
- PROTESTANT clergymen began the crusade for reform.
o Wanted to apply lessons of Christianity to the slums and factories

Places like New York, and Chicago where immigrants tended to flock to; little italys and little polands

Also known as slums, they grew more crowded, more filthy, and more rat infested, especially after the perfection in 1879 of the dumbbell tenement

Menial work, these shops provided many immigrant women their first American jobs

Many immigrants didn’t ever want to stay to be come Americans. A large number of these were single men who worked in united states for a few months or years and returned home with their hard earned roll of American dollars. 25% of nearly 20million people arrived were birds of passage 0 those who eventually returned tot heir country of origin.

A middle class women dedicated to uplifting the urban masses. College education
Got the nobel prize in 1931

Took over a congregational church in Columbus, ohio, in 1882.

Social Gospel was preached by many people in the 1880s and said that due to the social environment poor people sometimes could not help their situation. This caused some churches to get involved in helping the poor, but some disagreed and didn't think that they should be helped because it was their fault

Effected by the social gospel

rural/less money/working class people attracted to this type of shopping opposed to department store shopping.

A philosopher who told Addams “you utter instinctively the truth we others vainly seek”

A protestant clergymen who in 1886 became pastor of a german Baptist church in NYC