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Step 1
Proteins: Proteins are complex molecules that perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. One example of a protein is hemoglobin, which is found in red blood cells and is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. The structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids, which are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain. This chain then folds into a specific three-dimensional shape, determined by the interactions between the side chains of the amino acids. \text{Protein structure:} \quad \chemname{\chemfig{R-NH-CO-CHR'}}{Polypeptide chain}
Step 2
Nucleic Acids: Nucleic acids are molecules that carry genetic information in cells. The two main types of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA is a double-stranded molecule, while RNA is typically single-stranded. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA it is ribose. The nitrogenous bases in both DNA and RNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA). \text{DNA structure:} \quad \chemname{\chemfig{HO-P-O-[6]-C^1 =(-\chemabove{N}{\scriptsize H}-[6]NH2)C=(-\chemabove{N}{\scriptsize H}-[6]NH2)C=(-\chemabove{O}{\scriptsize H})-C-[7]O-P-O-[6]-C^1 =(-\chemabove{N}{\scriptsize H}-[6]NH2)C=(-\chemabove{N}{\scriptsize H}-[6]NH2)C=(-\chemabove{O}{\scriptsize H})-C-[7]O-P-O-}}{DNA backbone}
Final Answer
* Protein: Hemoglobin * Nucleic Acid: DNA * Lipid: Triglyceride * Carbohydrate: Glucose
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