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What are the four main steps of cellular respiration?
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Step 1
**Step 1: Glycolysis**

Here, NAD$^+$ is the oxidized form of NAD, ADP is Adenosine Diphosphate, and P$_i$ is inorganic phosphate.
Glycolysisisthefirststepofcellularrespirationanditoccursinthecytoplasmofbotheukaryoticandprokaryoticcells.Itinvolvesthebreakdownofglucose(asix−carbonmolecule)intotwomoleculesofpyruvate(athree−carbonmolecule),releasingenergyintheformofATP(AdenosineTriphosphate)andNADH(NicotinamideAdenineDinucleotide).Glucose+2NAD++2ADP+2Pi⟶ 2Pyruvate+2NADH+2ATP+2H++2H2OGlycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and it occurs in the cytoplasm of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It involves the breakdown of glucose (a six-carbon molecule) into two molecules of pyruvate (a three-carbon molecule), releasing energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) and NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide). \text{Glucose} + 2\text{NAD}^+ + 2\text{ADP} + 2\text{P}_\text{i} \longrightarrow \ 2\text{Pyruvate} + 2\text{NADH} + 2\text{ATP} + 2\text{H}^+ + 2\text{H}_2\text{O}

Step 2
**Step 2: Pyruvate Oxidation (or Acetyl-CoA Formation)**

Inthisstep,pyruvateisfurtheroxidizedtoformAcetyl−CoA,whichthenenterstheKrebscycle.Thissteptakesplaceinthemitochondrialmatrixofeukaryoticcellsandinthecytoplasmofprokaryoticcells.Pyruvate+CoA+NAD+⟶ Acetyl-CoA+CO2+NADH+H+In this step, pyruvate is further oxidized to form Acetyl-CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle. This step takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. \text{Pyruvate} + \text{CoA} + \text{NAD}^+ \longrightarrow \ \text{Acetyl-CoA} + \text{CO}_2 + \text{NADH} + \text{H}^+

Final Answer

The four main steps of cellular respiration are: 1. Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate Oxidation (or Acetyl-CoA Formation) 3. Krebs Cycle (or Citric Acid Cycle) 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation

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