5 Steps to a 5: AP Biology 2024 (2024)

Name: 5 Steps to a 5: AP Biology 2024 (2024)
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Author: Elizabeth Chen

5 Steps to a 5: AP Biology 2024 (2024) challenges you with exam-style questions, ensuring you're fully prepared.

Elizabeth Chen

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‹ v
CONTENTS
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
About the Authors xiii
Introduction: The Five-Step Program xv
Course Framework xix
STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program
1 What You Need to Know About the AP Biology Exam 3
Background of the Advanced Placement Program 3
Who Writes the AP Biology Exam 4
The AP Grades and Who Receives Them 4
Reasons for Taking the AP Biology Exam 4
Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Biology Exam 5
2 How to Plan Your Time 8
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Biology Exam 8
Calendar for Each Plan 10
STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness
3 Take a Diagnostic Exam 15
Diagnostic Exam: AP Biology: Section I 19
Answers and Explanations 29
Free-Response Grading Outline 33
Scoring and Interpretation 36
STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success
4 How to Approach Each Question Type 39
Multiple-Choice Questions 40
Free-Response Questions 40
STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
5 Chemistry of Life 47
Introduction 47
Elements, Compounds, Atoms, and Ions 47
Water 49
Macromolecules 51
Nucleic Acids 56
pH: Acids and Bases 57
Review Questions 58
Answers and Explanations 59
Rapid Review 60

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vi ❯ Contents
6 Cell Structure and Function 61
Introduction 62
Types of Cells 62
Endosymbiotic Theory 62
Organelles 63
Cell Size 65
Cell Membranes: Fluid Mosaic Model 65
Types of Cell Transport 67
Water Potential 69
Review Questions 71
Answers and Explanations 73
Rapid Review 74
7 Cellular Energetics 76
Introduction 77
Enzymes 77
Cellular Energy 79
Aerobic Respiration 80
Anaerobic Respiration 86
The Players in Photosynthesis 88
The Reactions of Photosynthesis 89
Types of Photosynthesis 94
Review Questions 96
Answers and Explanations 98
Rapid Review 99
8 Cell Communication and Cell Cycle 102
Introduction 102
Cell Communication 103
Signaling 103
Signal Transduction Pathway 104
Phosphorylation 104
Secondary Messengers 105
Cell Division in Prokaryotes 106
The Cell Cycle 106
Mitosis 107
Control of Cell Division 108
Apoptosis 109
Feedback 109
Homeostasis 109
Review Questions 110
Answers and Explanations 111
Rapid Review 111
9 Heredity 114
Introduction 115
Haploid Versus Diploid Organisms 115
Meiosis 115
Some Important Terms to Know 118
Sources of Cell Variation 119
Mendel and His Peas 119
Non-Mendelian Genetics 121

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Contents ❮ vii
Intermediate Inheritance 121
Other Forms of Inheritance 122
Sex Determination and Sex Linkage 124
Linkage and Gene Mapping 125
Heads or Tails? 126
Pedigrees 126
Common Disorders 128
Chromosomal Complications 129
Review Questions 130
Answers and Explanations 133
Rapid Review 135
10 Molecular Genetics 137
Introduction 137
The Central Dogma 138
Replication of DNA 138
Telomeres 143
Transcription of DNA 144
RNA Processing 146
Translation of RNA 148
Gene Regulation 152
Cell Specialization 156
Mutations 157
The Genetics of Viruses 160
The Genetics of Bacteria 161
Biotechnology 162
Review Questions 165
Answers and Explanations 166
Rapid Review 167
11 Evolution 170
Introduction 171
Definition of Evolution 171
Natural Selection 174
Lamarck and Darwin 174
Adaptations 175
Types of Selection 175
Evolution Patterns 177
Sources of Variation 177
Speciation 178
When Evolution Is Not Occurring: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 180
The Evidence for Evolution 182
Phylogeny 182
Key Ideas 183
Macroevolution 185
Origins of Life on Earth 186
Review Questions 189
Answers and Explanations 190
Rapid Review 190

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viii ❯ Contents
12 Ecology 193
Behavioral Ecology 194
Types of Animal Learning 194
Animal Movement 195
Animal Communication 198
Ecology 199
Population Ecology and Growth 199
Life History Strategies 202
Biological Communities 204
Trophic Levels 207
Biomes 210
Biogeochemical Cycles 211
Disruptions to Ecosystem 212
Review Questions 213
Answers and Explanations 215
Rapid Review 217
13 Laboratory Review 220
Introduction 220
Investigation 1: Artificial Selection 221
Investigation 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg 221
Investigation 3: Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary
Relationships with BLAST 223
Investigation 4: Diffusion and Osmosis 224
Investigation 5: Photosynthesis 228
Investigation 6: Cellular Respiration 230
Investigation 7: Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis 231
Investigation 8: Biotechnology: Bacterial Transformation 234
Investigation 9: Biotechnology: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA 235
Investigation 10: Energy Dynamics 237
Investigation 11: Transpiration 238
Investigation 12: Fruit Fly Behavior 240
Investigation 13: Enzyme Activity 241
Review Questions 243
Answers and Explanations 244
Rapid Review 245
STEP 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence
AP Biology Practice Exam 1 251
AP Biology Practice Exam 2 275
Bibliography 297
Websites 299
Glossary 301

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‹ ix
PREFACE
Hello, and welcome to the new edition of the AP Biology review book that promises to
be the most fun you have ever had!!!! Well, OK. . . . It will not be the most fun you have
ever had . . . but maybe you will enjoy yourself a little bit. If you let yourself, you may
at least learn a lot from this book. It contains the major concepts and ideas to which you
were exposed over the past year in your AP Biology classroom, written in a manner that,
we hope, will be pleasing to your eyes and your brain.
Many books on the market contain the same information that you will find in this
book. However, we have approached the material a bit differently. We have tried to make
this book as conversational and understandable as possible. We have had to review for
countless standardized tests and cannot think of anything more annoying than a review
book that is a total snoozer. In fact, we had this book “snooze-tested” by more than five
thousand students, and the average reader could go 84 pages before falling asleep. This is
better than the “other” review books whose average snooze time fell within the range of
14–43 pages. OK, we made up those statistics . . . but we promise that this book will not
put you to sleep.
While preparing this book, we spoke to 154,076 students who had taken the AP exam
and asked them how they prepared for the test. They indicated which study techniques
were most helpful to them and which topics in this book they considered vital to success
on this test. Throughout the book there are notes in the margins with these students’ com-
ments and tips. Pay heed to these comments because these folks know what they are talking
about. They have taken this test and may have advice that will be useful to you.
We are not going to mislead you into thinking that you do not need to study to do
well on this exam. You will actually need to prepare quite a bit. But this book will walk you
through the process in as painless a way as possible. Use the study questions at the end of
each chapter in Step 4 to practice applying the material you just read. Use the study tips
listed in Step 3 to help you remember the material you need to know. Take the two practice
tests in Step 5 as the actual exam approaches to see how well the information is sinking in.
Well, it’s time to stop gabbing and start studying. Begin by setting up your study
program in Step 1 of this book. Take the diagnostic test in Step 2 and look through the
answers and explanations to see where you stand before you dive into the review process.
Then look through the hints and strategies in Step 3, which may help you finally digest all
the information that comes at you in Step 4. Then, we suggest that you kick back, relax,
grab yourself a comfortable seat, and dig in. There is a lot to learn before the exam. Happy
reading!

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‹ xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This project would not have been completed without the assistance of many dear friends
and relatives. To my wife, Stephanie, your countless hours of reading, rereading, and read-
ing once again were of amazing value. Thank you so much for putting in so much time and
energy to my cause. You have helped make this book what it is. To my parents and broth-
ers who likewise contributed by reading a few chapters when I needed a second opinion,
I thank you. I would like to thank Chris Black for helping me edit and clarify a few of
the chapters. I would like to thank Don Reis, whose editing comments have strengthened
both the content and the flow of this work. Finally, a big thank-you to all the students and
teachers who gave me their input and thoughts on what they believed to be important for
this exam. They have made this book that much stronger. Thank you all.
—Mark Anestis

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