AP Computer Science a Premium, 2022-2023 (2022-2023)

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AP Computer Science a Premium, 2022-2023 (2022-2023) is an essential resource, providing past papers and solutions to refine your exam technique.

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Acknowledgments
Many people helped in the creation of this book.
I would like to thank my incredible editor, Samantha Karasik, for her expertise and
assurance in taking the reins of the project. Thanks also to Megan Buckman, Christine Ricketts,
Jeff Batzli, Alison Maresca, Jalisa Valladares, Mandy Luk, and all the other members of the
Kaplan staff who worked on the production of the book and online tests.
I am most grateful to my former editors, Linda Turner and Annie Bernberg, for their friendly
guidance and moral support over the years.
A very special thank you to Sage Miller for her careful reading of the manuscript and her
valuable suggestions. Thanks also to Judy Hromcik and Richard Kick for their contributions
over the years.
My husband, Saul, continues to be my partner in this project—typesetting the manuscript,
producing the figures, and giving advice and moral support.
Thank you to the computer science teachers who taught AP Computer Science during the
pandemic under very difficult circumstances. This book is dedicated to you.

© Copyright 2022, 2020, 2018, 2015, 2013, 2010 by Kaplan, Inc., d/b/a Barron’s Educational Series
Previous editions © Copyright 2007 under the title AP Computer Science Levels A and AB, 2003 under
the title How to Prepare for the AP Computer Science Advanced Placement Examination, JAVA
Version, and 2001 under the title How to Prepare for the AP Computer Science Advanced Placement
Examination by Kaplan, Inc., d/b/a Barron’s Educational Series.
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the
required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the
text of this eBook on screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded,
decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval
system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter
invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.
Published by Kaplan, Inc., d/b/a Barron’s Educational Series
1515 W Cypress Creek Road
Fort Lauderdale, FL 33309
www.barronseduc.com
ISBN: 9781506279602
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Kaplan, Inc., d/b/a Barron’s Educational Series print books are available at special quantity discounts to
use for sales promotions, employee premiums, or educational purposes. For more information or to
purchase books, please call the Simon & Schuster special sales department at 866-506-1949.

About the Author
Roselyn Teukolsky has an M.S. degree from Cornell University, and has
been teaching programming and computer science since 1980. She has
published articles in The Mathematics Teacher and in the National Council of
Teachers of Mathematics Yearbook, and is the author of Barron’s ACT Math
and Science Workbook and co-author of Barron’s SAT 1600: Aiming for the
Perfect Score. The awards she has received include the Edyth May Sliffe
Award for Distinguished Mathematics Teaching and the Alfred Kalfus
Distinguished Coach Award from the New York State Math League
(NYSML). For several years, Ms. Teukolsky served as a Reader for AP
Computer Science.
Ms. Teukolsky started teaching AP Computer Science when the
programming language was Pascal, the first language used for the exam. By
the time she wrote this book (in 1997), software development was moving
toward object-oriented programming and the language of the AP exam had
switched to C++. In 2004 the language of the exam changed yet again, to
Java. For more than 20 years, Ms. Teukolsky has kept this book—in its many
incarnations—up to date.

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Table of Contents
How to Use This Book
Barron’s Essential 5
Introduction
Diagnostic Test
Section I
Section II
Answer Key (Section I)
Diagnostic Chart
Answer Explanations
1 Tips for Taking the Exam
Tips for the Multiple-Choice Section
What Is Tested?
Time Management
Guessing
The Java Quick Reference
An Active Pencil
Troubleshooting—What’s Wrong with This Code?
Loop Tracing
Java Exceptions
Matrix Manipulation
Comparing Algorithms
Mechanics of Answering Multiple-Choice Questions
Tips for the Free-Response Section
What Is the Format?
What Is Tested?
What Types of Questions Might Be Asked?
Skill Focus in Free-Response Questions
The Java Quick Reference
Time Management
Grading the Free-Response Questions
Writing Code
Maximizing Your Score

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2 Introductory Java Language Features
Packages and Classes
Javadoc Comments
Types and Identifiers
Identifiers
Built-in Types
Storage of Numbers
Hexadecimal and Octal Numbers
Final Variables
Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Assignment Operators
Increment and Decrement Operators
Operator Precedence
Input/Output
Input
Output
Escape Sequences
Control Structures
Decision-Making Control Structures
Iteration
Errors and Exceptions
Multiple-Choice Questions on Introductory Java Language Concepts
Answer Key
Answer Explanations
3 Classes and Objects
Objects
Classes
Public, Private, and Static
Methods
Headers
Types of Methods
Method Overloading
Scope
The this Keyword
References
Reference vs. Primitive Data Types
The Null Reference
Method Parameters
Multiple-Choice Questions on Classes and Objects
Answer Key
Answer Explanations

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4 Inheritance and Polymorphism
Inheritance
Superclass and Subclass
Inheritance Hierarchy
Implementing Subclasses
Declaring Subclass Objects
Polymorphism
Dynamic Binding (Late Binding)
Using super in a Subclass
Type Compatibility
Downcasting
Abstract Classes
Interfaces
Multiple-Choice Questions on Inheritance and Polymorphism
Answer Key
Answer Explanations
5 Some Standard Classes
The Object Class
The Universal Superclass
Methods in Object
The String Class
String Objects
Constructing String Objects
The Concatenation Operator
Comparison of String Objects
Other String Methods
Special Emphasis
Wrapper Classes
The Integer Class
The Double Class
Autoboxing and Unboxing
The Math Class
Random Numbers
Multiple-Choice Questions on Some Standard Classes
Answer Key
Answer Explanations
6 Program Design and Analysis
Software Development
Program Specification
Program Design
Program Implementation
Testing and Debugging
Program Maintenance
Object-Oriented Program Design

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Identifying Classes
Identifying Behaviors
Determining Relationships Between Classes
UML Diagrams
Implementing Classes
Implementing Methods
Vocabulary Summary
Program Analysis
Program Correctness
Assertions
Efficiency
Multiple-Choice Questions on Program Design and Analysis
Answer Key
Answer Explanations
7 Arrays and Array Lists
One-Dimensional Arrays
Initialization
Length of Array
Traversing a One-Dimensional Array
Arrays as Parameters
Array Variables in a Class
Array of Class Objects
Analyzing Array Algorithms
Array Lists
The ArrayList Class
The Methods of ArrayList<E>
Autoboxing and Unboxing
Using ArrayList<E>
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Declarations
Matrix as Array of Row Arrays
Processing a Two-Dimensional Array
Two-Dimensional Array as Parameter
Multiple-Choice Questions on Arrays and Array Lists
Answer Key
Answer Explanations
8 Recursion
Recursive Methods
General Form of Simple Recursive Methods
Writing Recursive Methods
Analysis of Recursive Methods
Sorting Algorithms That Use Recursion
Recursive Helper Methods
Recursion in Two-Dimensional Grids

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Sample Free-Response Question 1
Sample Free-Response Question 2
Multiple-Choice Questions on Recursion
Answer Key
Answer Explanations
9 Sorting and Searching
Sorts: Selection and Insertion Sorts
Selection Sort
Insertion Sort
Recursive Sorts: Merge Sort and Quicksort
Merge Sort
Quicksort
Sorting Algorithms in Java
Sequential Search
Binary Search
Analysis of Binary Search
Multiple-Choice Questions on Sorting and Searching
Answer Key
Answer Explanations
PRACTICE TESTS
Practice Test 1
Section I
Section II
Answer Key (Section I)
Answer Explanations
Practice Test 2
Section I
Section II
Answer Key (Section I)
Answer Explanations
Appendix: Glossary of Useful Computer Terms

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How to Use This Book
Introduction
The introduction to this book provides an overview of the format and content
of the AP Computer Science A exam.
Diagnostic Test
The full-length practice test at the start of this book serves as a diagnostic
test. It is accompanied by a diagnostic chart that identifies the topic related to
each multiple-choice question and the page in the review chapters that
discusses that topic. Detailed answer explanations are provided for all
multiple-choice questions, and complete solutions and scoring rubrics are
supplied for the free-response questions. You can also use this test as a
practice test once you have completed your review.
Review and Practice
Chapter 1 features tips and advice for tackling the multiple-choice and free-
response questions on the exam.
Chapters 2 through 9 each contain a comprehensive review of a topic,
multiple-choice practice questions that test your understanding of that topic,
and detailed answer explanations for all questions. These questions are
designed to help you review parts of the Java subset you should know for test
day. A few questions are not typical AP exam questions—for example,
questions that test low-level details of syntax. Most of these practice
questions, however, and all the multiple-choice questions in the diagnostic
and practice tests are representative of actual exam questions. Note that
several groups of these practice questions are preceded by a single piece of
code to which the questions refer. Be aware that the AP exam will usually
restrict the number of questions per code example to two.

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In both the text and questions/explanations, a special code font is used for
parts of the text that are Java code.
//This is an example of code
font
A different font is used for
pseudocode.
< Here is pseudocode font. >
All features of Java that are likely to be tested on the AP exam are covered
in this book, including arrays, two-dimensional arrays, strings, list
processing, and inheritance in object-oriented programming. A small number
of optional topics that are not part of the AP Java subset are included because
they are useful for the free-response questions. Sections in the review text
and multiple-choice questions that are optional topics are clearly marked as
such.
Practice Tests
This book concludes with two full-length practice tests that mirror the actual
exam in format and content. Each test is followed by an answer key and
detailed explanations for the multiple-choice questions and complete
solutions and scoring rubrics for the free-response questions.
Once you complete a test, you may wish to calculate your approximate AP
score. Use the scoring worksheet provided on the back of the answer sheet.
Online Practice
There are three additional full-length practice tests online. You may take
these tests in practice (untimed) mode or in timed mode. All multiple-choice
questions are accompanied by detailed answer explanations, and there are
complete solutions and scoring rubrics for the free-response questions.

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For Students
This book is designed to prepare you for the AP Computer Science A exam.
It would typically be used upon completion of an AP course. However, since
it contains a complete summary of all exam topics, you can use it for self-
study throughout the school year, along with a suitable textbook. You can
also use this book as a supplement to a first-semester college course where
Java is the programming language.
Before the AP exam, study the tips in Chapter 1 and attempt as many of
the practice tests as you can. Be sure to check out the appendix at the end of
the book, which provides a glossary of useful computer terms that
occasionally appear on the exam. One final hint: try the questions before you
peek at the answers. Best of luck on exam day!
For Teachers
This book covers the course and exam format outlined in the latest AP
Computer Science A Course and Exam Description. It provides a review of
object-oriented programming, algorithm analysis, and data structures. You
can use this book as a resource in a high school class or an introductory
college course, or you can assign practice questions as homework or test
material.

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BARRON’S ESSENTIAL 5
As you review the content in this book to work toward earning that
5 on your AP COMPUTER SCIENCE A exam, here are five things
that you MUST know above everything else:
1 Learn the basics. These are presented in Chapter 2. Every AP exam question
uses these features. On the exam, free-response Question 1 will likely focus on
control structures. Be familiar with:
■ Identifiers: Rules for naming variables and methods
■ Types: Primitive or built-in types versus reference types
■ Operators: Arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, and increment and
decrement
■ Control structures: conditionals with if and if…else, for loops, enhanced
for loops, while loops, and nested loops
2 Understand strings. The String class is featured near the beginning of
Chapter 5. You must be able to manipulate strings, which are sprinkled
throughout the multiple-choice section of the AP exam, and will be featured in
at least one free-response question. Be familiar with:
■ Constructing String objects
■ Concatenation of strings using the + operator
■ Comparison of strings
■ String methods length, substring(start), substring(start, end),
indexOf(str)
3 Study objects, classes, and inheritance. These are discussed in Chapters 3
and 4. On the exam, free-response Question 2 will involve classes. You may
have to write your own class or subclass. Be familiar with:
■ Methods: Constructors, accessors, mutators, and overloaded methods
■ Superclasses and subclasses: Inheritance
■ Polymorphism: Dynamic binding, overridden methods, and the keyword
super

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4 Know lists and arrays. These are found in Chapter 7. This chapter, which
features one-dimensional arrays, two-dimensional arrays, and ArrayLists, is
crucial for the AP exam. You must learn to manipulate a list: search for a given
item, delete an item, insert an item. On the exam, free-response Question 3 will
involve an array or ArrayList. Free-response Question 4 will involve a 2D
array. Be familiar with:
■ One-dimensional arrays
■ ArrayList, and the methods size, add, get, set, and remove
■ Two-dimensional arrays. You must learn to access the elements using
- Row-column traversal
- Standard and enhanced for loops
- Traversal of major and minor diagonals
- Row-by-row array processing
5 Understand sorting and searching. The required sorting and searching
algorithms are discussed in detail in Chapter 9. Without memorizing code, you
must know how these algorithms work. Questions about sorting and searching
often come up in the multiple-choice section of the AP exam, and may be
featured in free-response questions. Be familiar with:
■ Selection sort
■ Insertion sort
■ Merge sort
■ Sequential search
■ Binary search

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