AP Human Geography: with 2 Practice Tests (2020)

Name: AP Human Geography: with 2 Practice Tests (2020)
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AP Human Geography: with 2 Practice Tests (2020) gives you access to expert-reviewed practice exams that align with official exam standards.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
It’s hard to believe that this project has been going on for over ten years now.
The best part of its success is that it allows me to maintain my friendship with
Pete Alagona; I couldn’t ask for a more delightful colleague! I also am
grateful to Jennifer Giammusso, our editor, for her patient provision of
resources, extended deadlines, and much encouragement. Finally, my
colleagues, students, and, most important, my family (Lucy especially),
consistently keep me smiling and excited about what I do, which makes
projects like this much more enjoyable.
Meri Marsh, Ph.D.
This book has become something of an old friend. It has appeared and
reappeared in my life many times over the past several years. Each time it
reappears it brings back old memories and leaves me with new ones. Many
people have made this volume possible. My family, friends, mentors, and
students have all played important roles. Most of all, however, this book
owes its existence to my friend and colleague, Meri Marsh, without whom it
would never have reached a first draft, much less a ninth edition.
Peter S. Alagona

ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Meredith J. Marsh received her bachelor’s degree in geography from Calvin
College in 1999, her master’s degree in geography from the University of
California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) in 2003, and her Ph.D. (also in geography)
from UCSB in 2009. Meredith has worked as a reader for the APHG exam in
2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, and 2014, and she is currently an associate
professor of geography at Lindenwood University in St. Charles, Missouri.
Peter S. Alagona is an assistant professor of history and environmental
studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He holds an M.A.
degree in geography from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and
M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in history from the University of California, Los
Angeles. He has also held academic positions at both Harvard and Stanford
universities.

© Copyright 2020, 2018, 2016, 2014, 2012, 2010, 2008 by Kaplan, Inc.,
d/b/a Barron’s Educational Series
Previous edition © copyright 2003 by Kaplan, Inc., d/b/a Barron’s
Educational Series under the title How to Prepare for the AP Human
Geography Exam
Photo Credits: www.chartsbin.com, page 122
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright
Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the
non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this eBook
on screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded,
decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any
information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means,
whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented,
without the express written permission of the publisher.
Published by Kaplan, Inc., d/b/a Barron’s Educational Series
750 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10017
www.barronseduc.com
ISBN: 978-1-5062-7436-2
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Contents
Barron’s Essential 5
Introduction
Welcome to the Ninth Edition
About the Book
About the Test
Strategies for Preparing for the AP Human Geography
Exam
Commonly Asked Questions About the AP Human
Geography Exam
Additional Resources
Practice, Practice, Practice
1 Thinking Geographically
Geography as a Field of Inquiry
Geography Basics
Describing Location
Space and Spatial Processes
Map Fundamentals
Applications of Geography

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Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Practice Questions and Answers
Additional Resources
2 Population and Migration Patterns and Processes
Human Population: A Global Perspective
Population Parameters and Processes
Human Migration
Population Structure and Composition
Population and Sustainability
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Practice Questions and Answers
Additional Resources
3 Cultural Patterns and Processes
Cultural Basics
Language
Religion
Gender
Ethnicity
Popular Culture
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Practice Questions and Answers
Additional Resources

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4 Political Patterns and Processes
What Is Political Geography?
The Geography of Local and Regional Politics
Territory, Borders, and the Geography of Nations
International Political Geography
Spatial Conflict
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Practice Questions and Answers
Additional Resources
5 Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and
Processes
Historical Geography of Agriculture
Geography of Modern Agriculture
Agriculture and the Environment
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Practice Questions and Answers
Additional Resources
6 Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes
Historical Geography of Urban Environments
Culture and Urban Form
The Spatial Organization of Urban Environments

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Urban Planning
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Practice Questions and Answers
Additional Resources
7 Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and
Processes
Industrialization
Models of Development and Measures of Productivity
Global Economic Patterns
Location Principles
Development, Equality, and Sustainability
Globalization
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Practice Questions and Answers
Additional Resources
Practice Test 1
Answer Key
Answers and Explanations
Practice Test 2
Answer Key
Answers and Explanations

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As you review the content of this book
to work toward earning a 5 on your AP
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY exam, you
MUST focus on these five essential
points:
Barron’s
Essential
5
1 Know the course goals and how the subdisciplines of
human geography meet them. This may seem fairly
obvious. However, you should make sure that as you study
each subdiscipline in the course, you can clearly describe
geography within that subdiscipline. For example, what’s
unique about political organization as compared with politics?
Cities and urban land use as compared with urban studies?
Or cultural patterns and processes as compared with cultural
studies?
2 Think spatially. Think in multiple ways! You need to read and
understand any spatial data in the text and test (e.g., maps)
carefully. You must also be able to think across scales. How
might spatial patterns and processes (or representations of
them) differ when looking at large-scale spaces (e.g., the
world) compared with small-scale spaces (e.g., your
neighborhood)?
3 Know current examples. As you will quickly notice when
completing the practice tests, free-response questions often
ask for examples. As you learn the concepts in each chapter,
keep lists of current events that accurately illustrate concepts,
processes, and models. Watch and read the news. Think
about how the news connects to human geography!

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4 Look for interconnections. Pay special attention to the
different subdisciplines. Can your free-response question on
urban models bring in some of your knowledge about
economic development? How does culture influence
economic development? What are the connections between
population dynamics and urbanization? Do not memorize
concepts in isolation. Instead, constantly try to connect across
topic areas.
5 Focus on figures. Figures (maps, graphics, charts, and
tables) frequently appear on the test in both multiple-choice
and free-response questions. Do not skip over the figures
in the text! Instead, know them by name, make sure you
know how they work, and be able to describe what they
represent.

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Introduction
➜ WELCOME TO THE NINTH EDITION
➜ ABOUT THE BOOK
➜ ABOUT THE TEST
➜ STRATEGIES FOR PREPARING FOR THE AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY TEST
➜ COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT THE AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
TEST
➜ ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
WELCOME TO THE NINTH EDITION
The ninth edition of Barron’s AP Human Geography contains some
substantial updates to account for recent changes in the course outline and
exam structure. This chapter, the Introduction, has been extensively revised
to reflect more accurately the topics and skills covered on the new exam
(beginning May 2020). In addition, both practice exams have been
completely rewritten; every question now contains “metadata” that show the
specific unit, skill, and “essential knowledge” covered by the question.
Inclusion of these data ensures alignment between the practice tests and the
actual exam while also providing students with the information needed to
target their studies.
ABOUT THE BOOK
The AP Human Geography Exam covers a range of material that would
normally be included in a semester-long college-level course in Introductory
Human Geography. These courses typically cover a wide variety of topics,
with the basic goal of understanding patterns and processes that have shaped

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human relationships on Earth over space and time. This overarching goal can
be further divided into a set of goals derived from Geography for Life:
National Geography Standards, Second Edition, introduced in 2012.
The APHG Exam covers seven major content areas. Each content area,
described later in this chapter, will make up a certain percentage of the exam.
This book has been designed to correspond with the College Board’s
objectives, and one chapter is dedicated to each of the Board’s seven major
content areas. Each chapter contains content knowledge about the topic under
discussion, tips on preparing for the exam, and practice multiple-choice and
free-response questions with answers explained.
The multiple-choice questions in each chapter should only be
reviewed as content/concept review. These questions don’t
necessarily reflect the same level of difficulty as the exam
questions.
ABOUT THE TEST
The AP Human Geography Exam contains two sections and lasts for two
hours and 15 minutes. The first section includes 60 multiple-choice
questions; students are given 60 minutes to complete this portion of the exam.
In the remaining 75 minutes, students answer three free-response essay
questions.
Beginning in 2019, the AP Human Geography course and exam now
contains an explicit emphasis on geographic skills in addition to the
traditional content areas. Every question—multiple-choice and free-response
—assesses one of the following five skills or skill components.
Skill
Category 1:
Concepts and
Processes
1.A: Describe geographic concepts, processes, models, and
theories.
1.B: Explain geographic concepts, processes, models, and
theories.
1.C: Compare geographic concepts, processes, models, and
theories.
1.D: Describe a relevant geographic concept, process, model, or

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theory in a specified context.
1.E: Explain the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of
different geographic models and theories in a specified context.
Skill
Category 2:
Spatial
Relationships
2.A: Describe spatial patterns, networks, and relationships.
2.B: Explain spatial relationships in a specified context or region
of the world using geographic concepts, processes, models, and
theories.
2.C: Explain a likely outcome in a geographic scenario using
geographic concepts, processes, models, and theories.
2.D: Explain the significance of geographic similarities and
differences among different locations and/or at different times.
2.E: Explain the degree to which a geographic concept, process,
model, or theory effectively explains geographic effects in
different contexts and regions of the world.
Skill
Category 3:
Data
Analysis
3.A: Identify the different types of data presented in maps and in
quantitative and geospatial data.
3.B: Describe spatial patterns in maps and in quantitative and
geospatial data.
3.C: Explain patterns and trends in maps and in quantitative and
geospatial data to draw conclusions.
3.D: Compare patterns and trends in maps and in quantitative and
geospatial data to draw conclusions.
3.E: Explain what maps or data imply or illustrate about
geographic principles, processes, and outcomes.
3.F: Explain possible limitations of the data provided.
Skill
Category 4:
Source
Analysis
4.A: Identify the different types of information presented in visual
sources.
4.B: Describe the spatial patterns presented in visual sources.
4.C: Explain patterns and trends in visual sources to draw
conclusions.
4.D: Compare patterns and trends in sources to draw conclusions.
4.E: Explain how maps, images, and landscapes illustrate or relate
to geographic principles, processes, and outcomes.
4.F: Explain possible limitations of visual sources provided.
Skill
Category 5:
Scale
Analysis
5.A: Identify the scales of analysis presented by maps,
quantitative and geospatial data, images, and landscapes.
5.B: Explain spatial relationships across various geographic scales
using geographic concepts, processes, models, and theories.

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5.C: Compare geographic characteristics and processes at various
scales.
5.D: Explain the degree to which a geographic concept, process,
model, or theory effectively explains geographic effects across
various geographic scales.
Content Areas
The test covers seven units related to different fundamental components of
Human Geography. Each of the seven units focuses on three different “big
ideas”:
1. Patterns and Spatial Organization (PSO)
2. Impacts and Interactions (IMP)
3. Spatial Processes and Societal Change (SPS)
These big ideas are further broken down into learning objectives specific to
the unit’s content, which are then broken down into more specific essential
knowledge items. Every practice test question, in the answer explanation,
includes coded data on the unit, essential knowledge, and the specific skill
addressed by the question. As you are practicing, you can use the data to
discern areas of strength and areas that require more studying.
Unit 1: Thinking Geographically (8–10% of
exam)
Big Ideas:
1. Patterns and Spatial Organization (PSO): Why do geographers study
relationships and patterns among and between places?
2. Impacts and Interactions (IMP): How do geographers use maps to
help them discover patterns and relationships in the world?
3. Spatial Processes and Societal Change (SPS): How do geographers
use a spatial perspective to analyze complex issues and relationships?

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