AP Psychology Unit 1-7 Practice Exam with Answers (880 Solved Questions)

Name: AP Psychology Unit 1-7 Practice Exam with Answers (880 Solved Questions)
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AP Psychology Unit 1-7 WITH BEST SOLUTIONS
Psychology - the scientific study of behavior and mental
processes
nature-nurture issue - the longstanding controversy over the
relative contributions that genes and experience make to the
development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's
science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction
of nature and nurture
natural selection - the principle that, among the range of
inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction
and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding
generations
naturalistic observation - a descriptive technique of
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring
situations without trying to manipulate and control the
situation
population - the whole group that you want to study and
describe

random sample - A sample that fairly represents a population
because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
correlation - A measure of the relationship between two
variables
correlation coefficient - A statistical index of the relationship
between two things (from -1 to +1); closer to 1, the stronger
the relationship is.
scatterplot - A graphed cluster of dots, each of which
represents the values of two variables.
experiment - A research method in which an investigator
manipulates one factor to observe the effect on another; the
only way to determine causality
random assignment - Assigning participants to experimental
and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting
differences between those assigned to the different groups
validity - the extent to which a test or experiment measures
or predicts what it is supposed to do

hypothesis - A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
operational definition - A statement of the procedures used to
define research variables that is specific and allows research
to be replicated
replication - replicate the original study in attempt to yield
similar results
case study - An observation technique in which one person is
studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
survey - A study, generally in the form of an interview or
questionnaire, that provides researchers with information
about how people think and act.
double-blind study - An experiment in which neither the
participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant
has received the treatment or the placebo
experimental group - A subject or group of subjects in an
experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being
tested.

control group - In an experiment, the group that is not
exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental
group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of
the treatment.
independent variable - (statistics) a variable whose values
are independent of changes in the values of other variables
confounding variable - A factor other than the independent
variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.
dependent varibale - the outcome factor the cariable that may
change in response to manipulations of the independent
variables --what you are measuring (ex. obesity rates)
mode - Measure of central tendency that uses most
frequently occurring score.
mean - arithmetic average
median - A measure of center in a set of numerical data. The
median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center
of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central
values if the list contains an even number of values.

range - Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set
of data.
standard deviation - A computed measure of how much
scores vary around the mean score.
normal curve - the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that
describes the distribution of many physical and psychological
attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and
fewer scores lie near the extremes.
statistical significance - A statistical statement of how likely it
is that an obtained result occurred by chance, and not a
causation of one variable to the other. (Do a T-Test and yield a
p-value of less than 0.05)
informed consent - A written agreement to participate in a
study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks
that participation may entail.
debriefing - A verbal description of the true nature and
purpose of a study

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sample - A part of the population you are studying.
positive correlation - two variable rise and fall together, such
as height and weight
negative correlation - variables are related inversely, one
goes up and the other goes down, such as inner speech and
psychological distress
1 standard deviation - 68%
skewed disribution - a representation of scores that lack
symmetry around their average value
positive skew - high outlier
negative skew - low outlier
measures of variability - depict diversity of the distribution
(range, standard deviation)
ethics in research - informed consent
protection from harm/discomfort
maintain confidentiality

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debriefing
Wilhelm Wundt - father of psychology, structuralism
Psychoanalysis - School of thought that stresses early
childhood experiences and the unconscious drives
Sigmund Freud - founder of psychoanalysis
Behaviorism - The theory that psychology should only study
observable behaviors, not mental processes.
John B. Watson - founder of behaviorism
biopsychological approach - an approach that views behavior
as strongly influenced by physiological functions such as
hormones and the activity of the nervous system
evolutionary psychology - the study of the evolution of
behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
sociocultural perspective - A psychological approach that
emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior such as
race, sex, and culture

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Humanistic Perspective - stresses the human capacity for
self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-
awareness, and the capacity to make choices
Behavioral/Learning Perspective - Personal experience and
reinforcement guide individual development
cognitive perspective - A psychological approach that
emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory,
language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior
Histogram - a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
Placebo - a fake drug used in the testing of medication
APA - American Psychological Association, a national
association that sets ethical guidelines and provides
resources and support in the field.
AP Psychology Unit 2, Sensation and Perception Overview
Neuron - A Specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses

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Cell body - contains genetic information, maintains the
neurons's structure, and provides energy to drive activities.
dendrites - The branch-like extention of a neuron that
recieves messages and conducts impulses toward the cell
body
axon - The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal
fibers, through which messages pass to neurons,muscles, or
glands.
mylelin sheath - coats the axon and speeds up the process of
neural impulse moving down the axon.
glial cells (glia) - Cells in the nervous system that support,
nourish and protect neurons.
Action potential - the change in electric potential that
propagates along the axon of a neuron during the
transmission of a nerve impulse or the contraction of a
muscle

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resting potential (-70mv) - The difference in electric charge
between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane
threshold (-55mV) - the level of stimulation required to
trigger a neural impulse
refractory period - a period of inactivity after a neuron has
fired
all-or-none response - a neuron's reaction of either firing
(with a full-strength response) or not firing.
Synapse - the junction between the axon tip of the sending
neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
Neurotransmitters - Chemicals that transmit information
from one neuron to another
Acetylchlorine - enables muscle action, learning, and memory
Malfunctions of Acetylcholine - With Alzheimer's disease, ACh-
producing neurons deteriorate

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Dopamine - influences movement, learning, attention, and
emotion
Malfunctions of Dopamine - Oversupply linked to
schizophrenia. Undersupply linked to tremors and decreased
mobility in Parkinson's disease
Seratonin - Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
malfunctions of serotonin - under supply linked to depression.
Some drugs that raise serotonin levels are used to treat
depression
Norepinephrine - helps control alertness and arousal
Malfunctions of Norepinephrine - undersupply can depress
mood
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) - a major inhibitory
neurotransmitter
Malfunctions of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) -
undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

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Glutamate - A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in
memory
malfunctions of glutamate - oversupply can overstimulate
brain, producing migraines or seizures (Which is why some
people avoid MSG, monosodium)
Endorphins - Neurotransmitters that influence the perception
of pain or pleasure
Malfunctions of Endorphins - oversupply with opiate drugs can
suppress the body's natural endorphin supply
Reuptake - a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending
neuron
polarized - Electrical condition of the plasma membrane of a
resting neuron
Depolarized - a condition in which the inside of a cell
membrane is more positively charged than the outside
Repolarized - Once sodium ions have flooded the neuron, the
sodium channels close. At this point, the potassium channels

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open and the potassium ions rush out of the axon, and the
electrical changes reverse again, so it is negative on the
inside, and positive on the outside. Once the charges are
restores, the section of the neuron is said to be repolarized.
agonist - A chemical that mimics the action of a
neurotransmitter.
antagonist - Antagonists are drugs or substances which bind
to receptor sites and block the binding of neurotransmitters,
which reduces the effect of the neurotransmitter.
nervous system - the network of nerve cells and fibers that
transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.
central nervous system (CNS) - consists of the brain and
spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - the sensory and motor
neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the
rest of the body.

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Nerves - bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting
the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense
organs
sensory (afferent) neurons - neurons that carry incoming
information from the sensory receptors to the brain and
spinal cord
motor (efferent neurons) - neurons that carry outgoing
information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and
glands
Interneurons - neurons within the brain and spinal cord that
communicate internally and intervene between the sensory
inputs and motor outputs
Somatic nervous system - Division of the Parasympathetic
Nervous System that controls the body's skeletal muscles.
autonomic nervous system - the part of the peripheral
nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of
the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic
division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

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sympathetic nervous system - the division of the autonomic
nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy
in stressful situations
parasympathetic nervous system - the division of the
autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving
its energy
reflex - A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory
stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.
endocrine system - the body's "slow" chemical
communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones
into the bloodstream
hormones - chemical messengers that are manufactured by
the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and
affect other tissues
adrenal glands - a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above
the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and
norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

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AP Psychology Unit 1-7 Practice Exam with Answers (880 Solved Questions)

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