AP Statistics Premium, 2023-2024: 9 Practice Tests + Comprehensive Review (2023-2024)

Name: AP Statistics Premium, 2023-2024: 9 Practice Tests + Comprehensive Review (2023-2024)
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AP Statistics Premium, 2023-2024: 9 Practice Tests + Comprehensive Review (2023-2024) includes a mix of multiple-choice and scenario-based questions to help you prepare comprehensively.

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AP
Statistics
Premium
2023–2024
Martin Sternstein, Ph.D.
AP® is a registered trademark of the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and
does not endorse, this product.
®

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to Samantha Karasik, editor at Kaplan, for her guidance. Dawn Dentato and Paul Buckley
have been of immense editorial help with proofreading this edition, and for that I am extremely
grateful. Thanks to my brother, Allan, my sister-in-law, Marilyn, my sons, Jonathan and Jeremy, my
daughters-in-law, Asia and Cheryl, and my grandchildren, Jaiden, Jordan, Josiah, Luna, Jayme, and
Layla, for their heartfelt love and support. Most of all, thanks are due to my wife, Faith, whose love,
warm encouragement, and always calm and optimistic perspective on life provide a home
environment in which deadlines can be met and goals easily achieved. My sincere appreciation goes
to the participants who have attended my AP Statistics workshops for teaching me just as much as I
have taught them, and special thanks for their many useful suggestions are due to the following
exceptional teachers:
David Bock
Paul Buckley
Dawn Dentato
Jared Derksen
Sarah Johnson
Lee Kucera
Laura Marshall
Brendan Murphy
Leigh Nataro
Kenn Pendleton
Adam Riazi
Penny Smeltzer
Daren Starnes
Josh Tabor
Jane Viau
Dawn White
Luke Wilcox
Dash Young-Saver
Ithaca High School, Ithaca, NY (retired)
Gonzaga College High School, Washington, DC
Somers High School, Lincolndale, NY (retired)
Rancho Cucamonga High School, Rancho Cucamonga, CA
Grand Blanc High School, Grand Blanc, MI
University of California, Irvine, CA
Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH
John Bapst Memorial High School, Bangor, ME
Moravian College, Bethlehem, PA
Montgomery College, Germantown, MD
Cabell Midland High School, Ona, WV
Austin Peace Academy, Austin, TX
The Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, NJ
Canyon del Oro High School, Oro Valley, Arizona
Frederick Douglass Academy, New York, NY
Silver Lake Regional High School, Kingston, MA
East Kentwood High School, Kentwood, MI
KIPP University Prep High School, San Antonio, TX
Martin Sternstein
Ithaca College

Spring 2022
© Copyright 2022, 2020, 2019, 2017, 2015, 2013, 2012, 2010, 2007 by Kaplan North America d/b/a
Barron’s Educational Series
© Copyright 2004, 2000, 1998 by Kaplan North America d/b/a Barron’s Educational Series, under the
title How to Prepare for the AP Advanced Placement Exam in Statistics.
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the
required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read
the text of this eBook on screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded,
decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and
retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or
hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.
Published by Kaplan North America
d/b/a Barron’s Educational Series
1515 W Cypress Creek Road
Fort Lauderdale, FL 33309
www.barronseduc.com
ISBN: 978-1-5062-8010-3
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. Martin Sternstein, Professor Emeritus at Ithaca College, was honored by Princeton Review as
one of the nation’s “300 Best College Professors.” He is a long-time College Board consultant and
has been a Reader and Table Leader for the AP Statistics exam for many years. He has strong
interests in national educational and social issues concerning equal access to math education for
all. For two years, he was a Fulbright Professor in Liberia, West Africa, after which he developed a
popular “Math in Africa” course, and he is the only mathematician to have given a presentation at
the annual Conference on African Linguistics. He also taught the first U.S. course for college credit in
chess theory.

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Table of Contents
How to Use This Book
Barron’s Essential 5
Exam Overview
PART 1: DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Diagnostic Test
Answer Key
Answer Explanations
AP Score for the Diagnostic Test
Study Guide for the Diagnostic Test Multiple-Choice
Questions
PART 2: UNITS REVIEW
UNIT 1. Exploring One-Variable Data
Categorical Variables
Representing a Quantitative Variable with Tables and Graphs
Describing the Distribution of a Quantitative Variable
Quiz 1
Summary Statistics for a Quantitative Variable
Graphical Representations of Summary Statistics
Comparing Distributions of a Quantitative Variable
Quiz 2
The Normal Distribution
Quiz 3
Summary
UNIT 2. Exploring Two-Variable Data
Two Categorical Variables
Quiz 4
Two Quantitative Variables
Correlation
Least Squares Regression
Residuals
Outliers, Influential Points, and Leverage
More on Regression
Transformations to Achieve Linearity

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Quiz 5
Quiz 6
Summary
UNIT 3: Collecting Data
Retrospective Versus Prospective Observational Studies
Bias
Sampling Methods
Sampling Variability
Quiz 7
Experiments Versus Observational Studies
The Language of Experiments
Replication and Generalizability of Results
Inference and Experiments
Quiz 8
Summary
UNIT 4. Probability, Random Variables, and Probability
Distributions
The Law of Large Numbers
Basic Probability Rules
Multistage Probability Calculations
Quiz 9
Random Variables, Means (Expected Values), and Standard
Deviations
Means and Variances for Sums and Differences of Sets
Means and Variances for Sums and Differences of Random
Variables
Transforming Random Variables
Quiz 10
Binomial Distribution
Geometric Distribution
Quiz 11
Cumulative Probability Distribution
Summary
UNIT 5. Sampling Distributions
Normal Distribution Calculations
Quiz 12
Central Limit Theorem

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Biased and Unbiased Estimators
Sampling Distribution for Sample Proportions
Sampling Distribution for Differences in Sample Proportions
Sampling Distribution for Sample Means
Sampling Distribution for Differences in Sample Means
Simulation of a Sampling Distribution
Quiz 13
Summary
UNIT 6. Inference for Categorical Data: Proportions
The Meaning of a Confidence Interval
Conditions for Inference
Confidence Interval for a Proportion
Quiz 14
Quiz 15
Logic of Significance Testing
Significance Test for a Proportion
Confidence Interval for the Difference of Two Proportions
Significance Test for the Difference of Two Proportions
Quiz 16
Quiz 17
Summary
UNIT 7. Inference for Quantitative Data: Means
The t-distribution
Confidence Interval for a Mean
Quiz 18
Significance Test for a Mean
Confidence Interval for the Difference of Two Means
Significance Test for the Difference of Two Means
Paired Data
Quiz 19
Simulations and P-Values
Quiz 20
More on Power, Type I Errors, and Type II Errors
Quiz 21
Confidence Intervals Versus Hypothesis Tests
Summary
UNIT 8. Inference for Categorical Data: Chi-Square

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Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit
Chi-Square Test for Independence
Chi-Square Test for Homogeneity
Quiz 22
Summary
UNIT 9. Inference for Quantitative Data: Slopes
Sampling Distribution for the Slope
Confidence Interval for the Slope of a Least Squares
Regression Line
Hypothesis Test for Slope of Least Squares Regression Line
Quiz 23
Quiz 24
Summary
PART 3: FINAL REVIEW
Final Review
Selecting an Appropriate Inference Procedure
Quiz 25
Quiz 26
Statistical Insights into Social Issues
Quiz 27
Quiz 28
The Investigative Task: Free-Response Question 6
Quiz 29
50 Misconceptions
50 Common Errors on the AP Exam
50 AP Exam Hints, Advice, and Reminders
PART 4: PRACTICE TESTS
Practice Test 1
Answer Key
Answers and Explanations
Practice Test 2
Answer Key
Answers and Explanations
Practice Test 3
Answer Key
Answers and Explanations
Practice Test 4

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Answer Key
Answers and Explanations
Practice Test 5
Answer Key
Answers and Explanations
PART 5: APPENDICES
Appendices
Formulas
Graphical Displays
Checking Assumptions for Inference
Independence
More on Residuals
Answer Explanations for Quizzes 1–29
AP Scoring Guide
Basic Uses of the TI-84
Basic Uses of the Casio Prizm
Basic Uses of the HP Prime
Table A: Standard Normal Probabilities
Table B: t-Distribution Critical Values
Table C: χ2 Critical Values

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How to Use This Book
This book provides comprehensive review and extensive practice for the
latest AP Statistics course and exam.
ABOUT THE EXAM
Start with the Exam Overview, which outlines the exam format. Familiarize
yourself with all of the units covered on this test, review the different
question types, and learn how the exam will be scored.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Next, take the full-length diagnostic test in Part 1 to determine which
topics you know well and which ones you may want to brush up on.
Complete the entire test, and then check all of the answer explanations,
especially for any questions you may have missed. Then, consult the Study
Guide for units in the book that you should focus your review on.
REVIEW AND PRACTICE
Study all 9 chapters in Part 2, which are organized according to the nine
units of AP Statistics, and cover the topics recommended by the AP
Statistics Development Committee. Every chapter includes Learning

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Objectives that will be covered, a review of each topic, dozens of figures
and tables that illustrate key concepts, and end-of-chapter summaries.
Interspersed among these units are 29 quizzes (mini-AP exams with both
multiple-choice and free-response questions), which should be used as
progress checks.
Then, consult Part 3, the Final Review, which has several invaluable
sections.
PRACTICE TESTS
“Selecting an Appropriate Inference Procedure” offers hints on inference
recognition followed by two quizzes on naming the procedure to use,
defining parameters, listing conditions to be checked, and stating
hypotheses, if appropriate.
“Statistical Insights into Social Issues” includes two quizzes of
comprehensive review questions that cover the whole AP Statistics
curriculum. These quizzes aim to give an appreciation of the power of
statistics and show how this subject gives insights into some of society’s
most pressing issues.
“The Investigative Task” helps you prepare for free-response Question 6,
which counts for one-eighth of your total grade on the exam; there are
three illustrative examples followed by a quiz with seven practice
investigative tasks.
“50 Misconceptions,” “50 Common Errors on the AP Exam,” and “50 AP
Exam Hints, Advice, and Reminders” provide tips to remember and pitfalls
to avoid on test day.

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There are five full-length practice tests in the book that mirror the actual
exam in format, content, and level of difficulty. Each test is followed by
detailed answers and explanations for all questions.
APPENDICES
The end of this book consists of a series of helpful appendices, including
the answers and explanations for all quizzes, important formulas to know,
basic uses for common graphing calculators, and much more. Be sure to
review these sections before completing your review.
ONLINE PRACTICE
There are also three additional full-length practice tests online where all
questions are answered and explained. You may take these tests in
practice (untimed) mode or in timed mode.
FOR STUDENTS
This book is intended both as a topical review during the year and as a final
review in the weeks before the AP exam. Study the text and illustrative
examples carefully, and try to complete the practice quiz problems before
referring to the solutions. Simply reading the detailed explanations
without first striving to work through the questions on your own is not the
best approach. Remember, mathematics is not a spectator sport! Use
the practice quizzes at appropriate times throughout the school year, and
you will develop confidence and a deeper understanding of the material.

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A good piece of advice is to develop critical practices (like checking
assumptions and conditions), acquire strong technical skills, and always
write clear and thorough, yet to the point, interpretations and conclusions
in context. Final answers to most problems should not be numbers, but
rather sentences explaining and analyzing numerical results. To help
develop skills and insights to tackle AP free-response questions (which
often choose contexts students haven’t seen before), read newspapers and
magazines, and figure out how to apply what you are learning to better
understand articles that reference numbers, graphs, and studies.
The AP Statistics course is one of the fastest growing and most
important courses offered in the high school curriculum. If you work with
your teacher and study hard, you will find this to be an enjoyable course,
you will do well on the AP exam, and you will develop into a more
thoughtful citizen of this world! One day, when you’re a data scientist, an
engineer, a doctor or nurse, a manager, or whatever it is you do, you may
look back on the AP exam as only a distant memory, but you’ll remember
the truly important things you learned in your AP Statistics class. You’ll
remember how to think critically and compassionately about the world
around you and how to communicate your knowledge, insights, and
discoveries; these are skills you’ll carry with you for the rest of your life.
FOR TEACHERS
This book is fully aligned with the nine units and exam format outlined in
the latest AP Statistics Course and Exam Description. Ideally, each
individual unit review, paired with practice quiz problems, should be
assigned after the unit has been covered in class. The full-length practice
tests should be reserved for final review shortly before the AP exam.

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Barron’s Essential 5
As you review the content in this book and work toward earning that 5 on
your AP STATISTICS exam, here are five things that you MUST know:
Graders want to give you credit—help them! Make them understand
what you are doing, why you are doing it, and how you are doing it.
Don’t make the reader guess at what you are doing.
1.
Communication is just as important as statistical knowledge!
Be sure you understand exactly what you are being asked to do or
find or explain and approach each problem systematically.
Some problems look scary on first reading but are not overly difficult
and are surprisingly straightforward. Questions that take you beyond
the scope of the AP curriculum will be phrased in ways that you should
be able to answer them based on what you have learned in your AP
Statistics class.
Naked or bald answers will receive little or no credit. You must show
where answers come from.
On the other hand, don’t give more than one solution to the same
problem—you will receive credit only for the weaker one.
Random sampling and random assignment are different ideas.2.
Random sampling is the use of chance in selecting a sample from a
population and is critical in being able to generalize from a sample to a
population.
A simple random sample (SRS) is when every possible sample of a—

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