AP US Government and Politics: With 2 Practice Tests, 12th Edition (2020)

Name: AP US Government and Politics: With 2 Practice Tests, 12th Edition (2020)
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AP US Government and Politics: With 2 Practice Tests, 12th Edition (2020) provides in-depth explanations for correct and incorrect answers to deepen your understanding.

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© Copyright 2020, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2014, 2012, 2010, 2008, 2006, 2002,
1998, 1995 by Kaplan, Inc., d/b/a Barron’s Educational Series.
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright
Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the
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whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented,
without the express written permission of the publisher.
Published by Kaplan, Inc., d/b/a Barron’s Educational Series
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New York, NY 10017
www.barronseduc.com
ISBN: 978-1-5062-7211-5
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Contents
Barron’s Essential 5
Preface
Introduction
Using the Book
A Guide to the Redesigned Course and Exam
Skills Needed to Succeed
How the Test Is Scored
Study Strategies
Newly Redesigned Course Outline
Multiple-Choice Questions
Free-Response Questions
AP U.S. Government and Politics Free-Response Topics
1 Foundations of American Democracy (Unit 1)
Big Ideas: Constitutionalism, Liberty and Order, Competing
Policy-Making Interests
Questions Students Must Answer
Key Terms Students Must Know
Required Primary Documents Students Must Know

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Required Supreme Court Cases Students Must Know
Key Concept 1.a: Evolution of Representative Democracy
Evolution of Representative Democracy Based on the Idea
of Limited Government
Key Concept 1.b: Origins of the Constitution
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
Key Concept 1.c: The Constitution
The Importance of Goals and Public Policy
The Role of Government Has Different Perspectives
Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances
Presidential Succession
Executive Orders
Judicial Branch
Key Concept 1.d: Federalism
State Governments
National Policy Making and Federalism
Review Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Free-Response Questions
2 Interactions Among the Branches of Government (Unit 2)
Big Ideas: Constitutionalism, Competing Policy-Making
Interests
Questions Students Must Answer
Key Terms Students Must Know
Required Primary Documents Students Must Know
Required Supreme Court Cases Students Must Know
Key Concept 2.a: The Legislative Branch
Constitutional Review of Congress

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Policy-Making Process of Congress
Key Concept 2.b: The Executive Branch
Constitutional Review of The Presidency
The Cabinet and White House Staff
The New Technology and the Presidency
Key Concept 2.c: The Judicial Branch
Quick Constitutional Review of The Judiciary
Key Concept 2.d: The Federal Bureaucracy
Constitutional Review of Bureaucracies
Executive-Level Departments
Review Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Free-Response Questions
3 Civil Liberties and Civil Rights (Unit 3)
Big Ideas: Liberty and Order, Constitutionalism, Competing
Policy-Making Interests, Civic Participation in a
Representative Democracy
Questions Students Must Answer
Key Terms Students Must Know
Required Primary Documents Students Must Know
Other documents students should know
Required Supreme Court Cases Students Must Know
Optional Cases that support Key Concepts
Key Concept 3.a: The Bill of Rights
The Nature of the Bill of Rights
Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Speech and The Press

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Freedom of Assembly
Right to Keep and Bear Arms
Right to Privacy
Eighth Amendment
Ninth Amendment
Key Concept 3.b: The Fourteenth Amendment
Key Concept 3.c: Equal Protection Under the Law and
Selective Incorporation
Right to Privacy
Key Concept 3.d: Civil Rights
Key Concept 3.e: The Supreme Court Interprets Civil Rights
Issues
African Americans’ Fight for Civil Rights
Social Movements and Civil Rights
Review Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Free-Response Questions
4 American Political Ideologies and Beliefs (Unit 4)
Big Ideas: Methods of Political Analysis, Competing Policy-
Making Interests
Questions Students Must Answer
Key Terms Students Must Know
Key Concept 4.a: Demographics and Political Socialization
Key Concept 4.b: Polling
Key Concept 4.c: Political Philosophies and Political Party
Ideology
The Development of The Federal Budget Reflects
Competing Policy Philosophies

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The Federal Budget
Taxes
Searching For Solutions
Review Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Free-Response Questions
5 Political Participation (Unit 5)
Big Ideas: Civic Participation in a Representative
Democracy, Competing Policy-Making Interests,
Methods of Political Analysis
Questions Students Must Answer
Key Terms Students Must Know
Required Supreme Court Case Students Must Know
Key Concept 5.a: Voting
Political Participation
Quick Review of The Constitutional and Legal Basis of
Suffrage
Key Concept 5.b: Linkage Institutions
Political Parties
How Political Parties are Organized
Interest Groups
Key Concept 5.c: Elections as Linkage
Federal Election Laws
Key Concept 5.d: The Media as Linkage
Review Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Free-Response Questions
Practice Test 1

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Barron’s Essential 5
As you review the content in this book and work toward earning that
“5” on your AP U.S. Government and Politics Exam, here are five
essentials that you MUST know above everything else:
1 Know the principles of the United States Constitution.
Understand the elitist and pluralist theories of government,
separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism. Make
sure you understand the relationship between the federal and state
governments as well as the interrelationship among the branches of
government and bureaucracies. Most importantly, know how the
Constitution is a defining document that illustrates how we as a
country wanted a government with limited powers and the rule of
law.
2 Identify the concept of liberty and order. Understand how civil
liberties and civil rights have played an essential role in our
democracy in achieving liberty and order. Know the differences
between civil rights and civil liberties. There are required Supreme
Court cases that apply to these topics. Explore the concept of
“selective incorporation” of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution.
3 Explore the importance of the American political culture.
Explain how popular sovereignty is an essential aspect of our
representative democracy. Compare the differences and similarities
of the political parties and how they conduct elections. Analyze how
political socialization determines political beliefs. Understand the
nature of political participation.

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4 Apply the principles of political science to the interaction among
the branches of government. Be able to quantify and qualify how
public policy is made and implemented. Explain the relationship
between American government and politics and economics,
sociology, history, and geography.
5 Evaluate how policy making takes place and understand the
importance of linkage institutions. Linkage institutions are political
parties, elections, special-interest groups, and the mass media. You
should be able to understand the purpose, goals, and development of
public policy.
If you master Barron’s Essential 5, you will develop confidence and
get that “5.” After reviewing the material in the book, taking the
practice multiple-choice questions at the end of each unit, and taking
the practice exams in the book, you will be ready for the exam.

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T
Preface
he Advanced Placement U.S. Government and Politics course and test,
unlike the other Social Studies AP courses and tests, is contemporary in
nature. The students taking the course and the test are among the most
politically aware.
Updating this book reflects a 24-year cycle of test changes that were
incorporated when the first edition of the Barron’s AP U.S. Government and
Politics was published. The 12th edition, like the 11th edition, has more
changes than any previous edition. This edition also includes updates and
changes to the new AP U.S. Government and Politics curriculum and exam
implemented in the 2018-2019 school year. There have not been any changes
to the multiple-choice section of the test. It is still comprised of 55 multiple-
choice questions, each with four answer choices. However, there are now
four different types of free-response questions, one of which is an
“argumentation” essay.
The curriculum is organized by unit with each unit having “Big Ideas.”
Each unit has what the curriculum calls “Enduring Understandings”—core
ideas that students should remember; “Learning Objectives,” what students
must be able to do; and “Essential Knowledge,” what students need to know.
All content on the exam will be derived from these three areas. For the first
time, there will also be required foundational documents and required
Supreme Court cases that every student must know.
This edition is organized around the five units and five Big Ideas that are
linked to the Enduring Understandings. Each of the five chapters correlates to
the five units of the curriculum. Each unit has specific types of multiple-
choice questions and one free-response question that reflects an Enduring
Understanding and Learning Objective of that unit.
In preparing for the revisions for this edition, I have relied on the guidance

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Introduction
USING THE BOOK
The AP U.S. Government and Politics exam is administered once a year in
May. More than 300,000 students nationwide took the test in May 2018. This
book offers a comprehensive review of the Enduring Understandings,
Learning Objectives, and Essential Knowledge taught in the AP U.S.
Government and Politics course, with many historical examples cited for
illustration. In addition, each chapter contains:
■ An overview of the Enduring Understandings concepts and labeled key
concepts students should understand, and the specific content that
students must know
■ Key terms
■ Big Ideas
■ Required documents
■ Required Supreme Court cases
■ Historical and contemporary examples
■ Multiple-choice questions at the end of each chapter that highlight
stimulus material, such as graphs and tables, excerpts from a text-based
source, visual stimulus such as maps and political cartoons, questions
that have a comparison, and questions that rely on recall or
identification or definition of key terms. A comprehensive explanation
is provided for each question. The final section of the book offers the
opportunity to take two practice tests that include 55 multiple-choice
questions (MCQs) and four free-response questions (FRQs) that include

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AP US Government and Politics: With 2 Practice Tests, 12th Edition (2020)

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