Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society Second Edition Test Bank

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Leon-Guerrero and Frankfort-Nachmias: Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, Second Edition, Test
Bank
Test Bank
Chapter 1: The What and Why of Statistics
1. An organized and elaborate conceptual scheme that serves to explain how
social attributes and events are patterned or related is called a
a. law.
*b. theory.
c. hypothesis.
d. variable.
Answer location: (The Role of Theory) p. 5
Question Type: MC
2. Procedures that help organize or describe data collected from a sample or a
population are called
*a. descriptive statistics.
b. analytical variables.
c. inferential statistics.
d. dependent variables.
Answer location: (Descriptive and Inferential Statistics) p. 17-18
Question Type: MC
3. The levels of social life on which social scientists focus are called
a. measures of tendency.
b. dependent variables.
c. independent variables.
*d. units of analysis. (Formulating the Hypothesis) p. 7
Answer location:
Question Type: MC
4. Researchers use the term __________ to refer to information that is
obtained and verified by direct experience.
a. variable
b. unit of analysis
*c. empirical data
d. theory
Answer location: (Asking Research Question) p. 3
Question Type: MC
5. A(n) __________ is a tentative prediction about how empirical events or
attributes will be related or patterned.
a. theory
b. estimate
c. law
*d. hypothesis
Answer location: (Formulating the Hypothesis) p. 5
Question Type: MC
6. The total set of cases, objects, groups, or events in which the researcher
is interested is called the
*a. population.
b. sample.
c. entity.
d. variable.
Answer location: (Descriptive and Inferential Statistics) p. 17

Leon-Guerrero and Frankfort-Nachmias: Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, Second Edition, Test
Bank
Question Type: MC
7. A subset of cases selected from the total set of cases is referred to as
the
a. population.
*b. sample.
c. entity.
d. variable.
Answer location: (Descriptive and Inferential Statistics) p. 17
Question Type: MC
8. A(n) __________ is a property of people or objects that can take two or
more values.
a. unit of analysis
*b. variable
c. level of measurement
d. theory
Answer location: (Formulating the Hypothesis) p. 6
Question Type: MC
9. Variables must include categories that are __________ and __________.
a. nominal; ordinal
b. common; empirically rational
c. actual; theoretical
*d. exhaustive; mutually exclusive
Answer location: (Formulating the Hypothesis) p. 6
Question Type: MC
10. The first step in most research involves
a. collecting data.
*b. selecting an interesting question.
c. calculating statistics.
d. choosing a theoretical framework.
Answer location: (Asking Research Questions) p. 3
Question Type: MC
11. Which of the following terms is considered a level of measurement?
*a. Ordinal
b. GSS
c. Mode
d. SPSS
Answer location: (Levels of Measurement) p. 11
Question Type: MC
12. Religion is a __________ and __________ variable.
a. dichotomous; quantitative
b. statistical; quantitative
*c. nominal; qualitative
d. dependent; qualitative
Answer location: (Nominal Level of Measurement) p. 11
Question Type: MC
13. The term __________ variable refers to the variable that the researcher is
trying to explain or predict.
a. input

Leon-Guerrero and Frankfort-Nachmias: Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, Second Edition, Test
Bank
b. independent
*c. dependent
d. dichotomous
Answer location: (Independent and Dependent Variables: Causality) p. 9
Question Type: MC
14. A research study examining gender composition in the work place is likely
using __________ as the unit of analysis.
a. gender
b. male or female
c. employment status
*d. the organization
Answer location: (Formulating the Hypothesis) p.7
Question Type: MC
15. Which of the following variables is an example of an interval-ratio level
of measurement?
a. Social class
b. Gender
c. Political party
*d. Income
Answer location: (Interval-Ratio Level of Measurement) p. 12
Question Type: MC
16. Which of the following statements illustrates the cumulative property of
levels of measurement?
a. Nominal level variables can be measured at interval-ratio levels.
*b. Interval-ratio level variables can be measured at ordinal levels.
c. Ordinal level variables can be measured at interval-ratio levels.
d. Nominal level variables can be measured at ordinal levels.
Answer location: (Cumulative Property of Levels of Measurement) p. 12
Question Type: MC
17. Which of the following factors is a dichotomous variable?
a. Length
*b. Marital status
c. Income
d. SAT score
Answer location: (Levels of Measurement of Dichotomous Variables) p. 13
Question Type: MC
18. Why is a dichotomous variable so powerful?
*a. It can be measured at three levels
b. It can't be ordered
c. It has several intervals
d. It has myriad values
Answer location: (Levels of Measurement of Dichotomous Variables) p. 14
Question Type: MC
19. The number of children per family is an example of a __________ variable.
a. continuous
b. selective
*c. discrete
d. dichotomous
Answer location: (Discrete and Continuous Variables) p. 15

Leon-Guerrero and Frankfort-Nachmias: Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, Second Edition, Test
Bank
Question Type: MC
20. The extent to which measures indicate what they are intended to measure is
referred to as
a. reliability.
b. statistical analysis.
*c. validity.
d. standard error.
Answer location: (A Cautionary Note: Measurement Error) p. 16
Question Type: MC
21. Identify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and the unit of
analysis in the following hypothesis: Interstate migration in the United
States lowers state poverty levels.
Correct Answer:
Independent variable = interstate migration; dependent variable = state
poverty level; unit of analysis = U.S. states
Answer location: (Formulating the Hypothesis) p. 7 and (Independent and
Dependent Variables: Causality) p. 9
22. Identify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and the unit of
analysis in the following hypothesis: Documented immigrants in the United
States are less likely than undocumented immigrants to use social welfare
programs.
Correct Answer:
Independent variable = migration type (legal/illegal); dependent variable =
use of social services; unit of analysis = individuals
Answer location: Formulating the Hypothesis) p. 7 and (Independent and
Dependent Variables: Causality) p. 9
23. Identify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and the unit of
analysis in the following hypothesis: On average, the annual household income
of female headed households is about 25 percent less than the annual household
income of married couple households.
Correct Answer:
Independent variable = household type; dependent variable = annual income;
unit of analysis = households
Answer location: Formulating the Hypothesis) p. 7 and (Independent and
Dependent Variables: Causality) p. 9
24. Identify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and the unit of
analysis in the following hypothesis: Geographically contiguous countries
should experience higher rates of migration than non-contiguous countries.
Correct Answer:
Independent variable = geographic contiguity; dependent variable = migration
rates; units of analysis = countries
Answer location: Formulating the Hypothesis) p. 7 and (Independent and
Dependent Variables: Causality) p. 9

Leon-Guerrero and Frankfort-Nachmias: Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, Second Edition, Test
Bank
25. Identify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and the unit of
analysis in the following hypothesis: In the United States, fewer blacks than
whites own their home as opposed to rent their home.
Correct Answer:
Independent variable = race; dependent variable = tenancy; unit of analysis =
individuals
Answer location: (Formulating the Hypothesis) p. 7 and (Independent and
Dependent Variables: Causality) p. 9
26. According to the following table, what is the variable of interest? Is
this variable nominal, ordinal, or interval-ratio?
Person Highest Grade of School Completed
Person 1 12
Person 2 14
Person 3 14
Person 4 10
Person 5 14
Person 6 16
Person 7 15
Person 8 12
Person 9 16
Person 10 14
Correct Answer(s): education; interval-ratio level
Answer location: (Interval-Ratio Level of Measurement) p. 12
27. Imagine you were interested in constructing a measure of education

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Leon-Guerrero and Frankfort-Nachmias: Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, Second Edition, Test
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34. Imagine that you are interested in studying the working habits of young
adults. You hypothesize that persons first married in their twenties tend to
work an average of 5 hours more per week than persons not first married in
their twenties. You find a link between age at first marriage and hours worked
per week. What three conditions must be satisfied in order for you to have
established a causal connection?
Correct Answer:
The cause has to precede the effect in time, there has to be an empirical
relationship between the cause and the effect, and this relationship cannot be
explained by other factors
Answer location: (Independent and Dependent Variables: Causality) p. 9
35. Provide an example of a research question. Identify the hypothesis,
independent, and dependent variables for this question.
Correct Answer:
Answers will vary but must be able to be tested and verified

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Leon-Guerrero and Frankfort-Nachmias: Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, Second Edition, Test
Bank
Question Type: MC
23. Which of the following statements is true about time series charts?
a. Time, usually measured in months or years, is placed on the vertical axis
b. The height of the bars is proportional to the frequency or percentage of
observations
*c. Frequencies or percentages are usually placed along the vertical axis
d. The changes in the variable must always increase over time.
Answer location: (Time Series Charts) p. 53
Question Type: MC
24. Fill in the empty cells in the following table

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Leon-Guerrero and Frankfort-Nachmias: Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, Second Edition, Test
Bank
2002
White 73.2%
Black 15.9%
Latino 7.9%
Asian 2.3%
Native American 0.7%
The total number of military reserve personnel is 129,047.
Correct Answer:
34,585; 26.8%
Answer location: (Proportions and Percentages) p. 25-27
27. Construct a cumulative frequency distribution using the following
information. Begin with whites and work through the table in the order of the
racial categories listed.
Military Reserve Personnel by Race,
2002
White 73.2%
Black 15.9%
Latino 7.9%
Asian 2.3%
Native American 0.7%
The total number of military reserve personnel is 129,047.
Correct Answer:
Military Reserve Personnel by Race, 2002
White 94,462
Black 114,981
Latino

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Leon-Guerrero and Frankfort-Nachmias: Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, Second Edition, Test
Bank
29. Table 1
Refer to Table 1 and construct a cumulative frequency distribution. Start
with those who strongly disagree and work your way down through the remaining
categories.
Table 1
Homosexuals Should Have the Right to
Marry, 2006
f cum %
Strongly Agree 307 15.5
Agree 391 35.2
Neither Agree Nor
Disagree 260 48.3
Disagree 329 64.9
Strongly Disagree 695 100.0
Correct Answer:
Homosexuals Should Have the Right to Marry, 2006
cf
Strongly Agree 307
Agree 698
Neither Agree Nor Disagree 958
Disagree 1287
Strongly Disagree 1982
Answer location:(Cumulative Distributions) p. 38-41
30. Explain how cumulative frequency distributions are obtained. What do

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Leon-Guerrero and Frankfort-Nachmias: Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, Second Edition, Test
Bank
5 83 25
6 51 18
7 25 13
8+ 16 11
Correct Answer:
Answer location: (The Pie Chart) p. 45
32. Would a bar chart or a histogram be more appropriate for displaying the
data presented in Table 1? Why?
Table 1
Number of
Children Whites Blacks
0 903 151
1 513 126
2 872 136
3 531 105
4 282 45
5 83 25
6 51 18
7 25 13
8+ 16 11
Correct Answer:
The number of children can be considered an

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