Gruber's Complete GRE Guide 2019-2020 (2019)

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|~|"FrathanMorethan7millionGruberbookssol‘04\SUIUL7thGU|DE2019-2020EditionGaryR.Gruber,Ph.D.*TheWorld'sShortestPracticeTestforthe*MiniMathRefresher+CompleteMathGRE®Exam:estimateyourscoreinonly20Refresherquestions!+GuidestohelpyoumastertheGRE®basics+Adiagnostictesttorevealyourstrengthsand+Threepracticetestswithexplanatoryweaknessesanswers—keyedtotheacclaimedGruber*The101mostimportantmathquestionseveryStrategiesandBasicSkillsstudentneedstobeabletoanswer«Explanationsofwhyyougotquestions+19simple-to-learnMathStrategiesforsolvingwrong—plushowtogetthemrighteverytypeofquestionbybreakingthem+Exclusivefour-hourstudyprogramforthedowntotheireasiestformsweekbeforethetestGRE"IsaregisteredtrademarkofEducationalTestingService(ETS).ThisproductisnotendorsedorapprovedbyETS.

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DownloadedfromStudyXY.com®+StudyXYSdYe.o>\|iF’prE\3SStudyAnythingThisContentHasbeenPostedOnStudyXY.comassupplementarylearningmaterial.StudyXYdoesnotendroseanyuniversity,collegeorpublisher.Allmaterialspostedareundertheliabilityofthecontributors.wv8)www.studyxy.com

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“GaryGruberisarecognizedauthorityonstandardizedtestandcritical-thinkingstrategies.”—WashingtonPost4Nr|———-ON|FLEE=-—a—|™\n|="Morethan7millionGruberbooksJ[\|sold!/tl-a.~”GUIDE2019-2020EditionGaryR.Gruber,Ph.D.TheBestStrategiesfortheBestScoreGRE"IsaregisteredtrademarkofEducationalTestingService(ETS).ThisproductisnotendorsedorapprovedbyETS.+StudyXY

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PraiseforGaryGruber“Dr.Gruberisrecognizedastheleadingexpertonstandardizedtests.Hisresultshavebeenlaudedthroughoutthecountry.Hispersonalpresentationspreads‘contagiousenthusiasm’likeanepidemicwithhisaudiences.”—PBS“[Whenyouwantthesolutiontotheproblem]tapthesupergenius,GaryGruber.”—WashingtonPost“Hismethodsmakethequestionsseemamazinglysimpletosolve.”—LibraryJournal“Ithankyouandmy15-yearoldson(highschooljr.)thanksyou.”—TedKoppel,ABCNews,Nightline“TheworkthatGaryGruberdoesshouldbegiventoeverystudentandeveryteacher.”—Dr.ShirleyThornton,FormerDeputySuperintendent,CaliforniaStateDepartmentofEducation“BylearningDr.Gruber’sstrategies,astudentcanincreasehis(her)IQtodowellonanyexam.”—TeenMagazine“GruberistheDearAbbyoftesting.”

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—DetroitNews“IhopeDr.Gruber’sworkreachesmanymorestudents.Iknowthattheywillfindhissuggestionspriceless.”—JulieMartin,PhoenixGazette“|TheGruberbook]istheonlycommercialbookthatI’veseenthatwouldactuallyhelpatest-taker.”—DavidOwen,WashingtonPost“WiththeuseofGruber’sspecialtechniques,studentscanraisetheirtestscoressignificantlyandincreasetheirgenerallearningability.”—CourierJournal“GruberclearlydemonstrateshisconceptsinthisvaluableresourceforstudentsfacingtheSAToranystandardizedtest.”—JamesScholtz,Booklist“GaryGruberistheGuruofCollegeTestingPrograms.”—TheLight,SanAntonio,Texas“This[Gruber]isthemanwhoknowstheinsandoutsoftesting.”—BobLee,BobLeeMagazine,KSLRadio,SaltLakeCity,Utah“Iwasgladtoseethefocus...isondevelopingcriticalthinkingskills,whicharehelpfulinallwalksoflife,notjustfortakingtests.”—AlanGinsburg,ActingDirector,PlanningandEvaluationService,US.Dept.ofEducation,Washington,DC

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GRUBER’SCOMPLETEG.2019-2020ns

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AlsoAvailablefromGaryGruberandSkyhorsePublishingGruber’sCompleteSATGuide2019-2020Gruber’sCompleteACTGuide2019-2020Gruber’sEssentialGuidetoTestTaking:Grades3-5Gruber’sEssentialGuidetoTestTaking:Grades6-9Gruber’sWordMasterforStandardizedTests

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GRUBER’SCOMPLETEGUIDE2019-2020rierGaryR.Gruber,Ph.D.

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Copyright©2019byGaryR.GruberAllRightsReserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanymannerwithouttheexpresswrittenconsentofthepublisher,exceptinthecaseofbriefexcerptsincriticalreviewsorarticles.AllinquiriesshouldbeaddressedtoSkyhorsePublishing,306West37thStreet,11thFloor,NewYork,NY10018.GRE®isaregisteredtrademarkofEducationalTestingService(ETS).ThisproductisnotendorsedorapprovedbyETS.SkyhorsePublishingbooksmaybepurchasedinbulkatspecialdiscountsforsalespromotion,corporategifts,fund-raising,oreducationalpurposes.Specialeditionscanalsobecreatedtospecifications.Fordetails,contacttheSpecialSalesDepartment,SkyhorsePublishing,306West37thStreet,11thFloor,NewYork,NY10018orinfo@skyhorsepublishing.com.Skyhorse®andSkyhorsePublishing®areregisteredtrademarksofSkyhorsePublishing,me.®,aDelawarecorporation.Visitourwebsiteatwww.skyhorsepublishing.com.10987654321LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailableonfile.CoverdesignbyDanielBrountPrintISBN:978-1-5107-5422-5EbookISBN:978-1-5107-5423-2PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaI~StudyXY

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Tothemillionsofstudentswhohavesuccessfullyusedmybookstomarkedlyincreasetheirscoresandgetintothecollegeoftheirchoice.Andtoallofthestudentswhoseektoachieveandexcelinbothschoolandlife,andtotheparentsandteacherswhoencouragetheirchildreninthepathofcuriosity,criticalthinking,andjoyfulpassionforlifeandlearning.GaryR.Gruber,Ph.D.+StudyXY

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CONTENTSIntroductionImportantNoteaboutThisBookandItsAuthorTheAuthorHasSomethingImportanttoTellYouaboutHowtoRaiseYourGREScoreImportantFactsabouttheGRETheInsideTrackonHowGREQuestionsAreDevelopedandHowTheyVaryfromTesttoTestWhatAreCritical-ThinkingSkills?MultilevelApproachestotheSolutionofProblemsA4-HourStudyProgramfortheGRELonger-RangeStudyProgramandHelpfulStepsforUsingThisBookPart1:StrategyDiagnosticTestfortheGREDirectionsSection1:VerbalReasoningSection2:QuantitativeReasoningAnswerandDiagnosticTablesPart2:TheWorld’sShortestGREPracticeTestVerbalReasoning:SentenceEquivalenceandTextCompletionVerbalReasoning:ReadingComprehensionQuantitativeReasoning:MultipleChoice

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QuantitativeReasoning:QuantitativeComparisonAnswersScoringExplanatoryAnswersandStrategiesPart3:TheMostImportantMathQuestionsYouNeedtoKnowHowtoSolveDirectionsAnswerSheet101MathQuestionsTestAnswers,Diagnosis,Solutions,Generalizations,andRulesPart4:StrategySection47Easy-to-LearnStrategiesHowtoLearntheStrategiesImportantNoteontheAllowedUseofCalculatorsontheGREImportantNoteonQuantitativeReasoning(Math)QuestionsontheGRENumericEntryQuestions5GeneralStrategiesQuantitativeReasoning—19MathStrategiesforMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsMathStrategy1:CancelQuantitiestoMaketheProblemSimplerMathStrategy2:TranslateEnglishWordsintoMathematicalExpressionsMathStrategy3:KnowHowtoFindUnknownQuantities(AreasLengths.ArcandAngleMeasurements)fromKnownQuantities(TheWholeEqualstheSumofItsParts)

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MathStrategy4:RememberClassicExpressionsMathStrategy5:KnowHowtoManipulateAveragesMathStrategy6:KnowHowtoManipulateInequalitiesMathStrategy7:UseSpecificNumericalExamplestoProveorDisproveYourGuessMathStrategy8:WhenEachChoiceMustBeTested,StartwiththeLastChoiceandWorkBackwardMathStrategy9:KnowHowtoSolveProblemsUsingtheFormulaRxT=DMathStrategy10:KnowHowtoUseUnitsofTime,Distance,Area,orVolumetoFindorCheckYourAnswerMathStrategy11:UseNewDefinitionsandFunctionsCarefullyMathStrategy12:TryNottoMakeTediousCalculations,SinceThereIsUsuallyanEasierWayMathStrategy13:KnowHowtoFindUnknownExpressionsbyAdding.Subtracting,Multiplying,orDividingEquationsorExpressionsMathStrategy14:DraworExtendLinesinaDiagramtoMakeaProblemEasier;LabelUnknownQuantitiesMathStrategy15:KnowHowtoEliminateCertainChoicesMathStrategy16:WatchOutforQuestionsThatSeemVeryEasybutThatCanBeTricky—BewareofChoiceAasa“LureChoice”MathStrategy17:UsetheGivenInformationEffectively(andIgnoreIrrelevantInformation)MathStrategy18:KnowandUseFactsaboutTrianglesMathStrategy19:WhenCalculatingAnswers,NeverMultiplyand/orDoLongDivisionIfYouCanReduceFirstQuantitativeReasoning—6MathStrategiesforQuantitativeComparisonQuestions

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MathStrategyA:CancelNumbersorExpressionsCommontoBothColumnsbyAdditionorSubtractionMathStrategyB:CancelNumbersorExpressions(PositiveQuantitiesOnly!!)CommontoBothColumnsbyMultiplicationorDivisionMathStrategyC:WhenaComparisonoftheTwoColumnsIsDifficult,UseNumbersinPlaceofVariablesMathStrategyD:ToMakeaComparisonSimpler—EspeciallyofFractions—Multiply,Divide,Addto,orSubtractfromBothColumnsbyaQuantity(NeverMultiplyorDividebyZeroorbyaNegativeNumber)MathStrategyE:TrytoGettheColumnsandtheGiventoLookSimilarMathStrategyF:UsetheChoiceCMethodWhenStraightforwardComputationsMustBeMadeVerbalReasoning—4SentenceCompletionStrategiesSentenceCompletionStrategy1:ForaSentencewithOnlyOneBlank.FillintheBlankwithEachChoicetoSeetheBestFitSentenceCompletionStrategy2:TrytoCompletetheSentenceinYourOwnWordsBeforeLookingattheChoicesSentenceCompletionStrategy3:PayCloseAttentiontotheKeyWordsintheSentenceSentenceCompletionStrategy4:LookfortheOverallFlavorofthePassageandUseSentenceCompletionStrategy3ofNotingKeyWordsVerbalReasoning—10ReadingComprehensionStrategiesIntroductiontoPassageReadingWhatReadingComprehensionQuestionsAskGettingInvolvedwiththePassageBreakdownofthePassage

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HowtoAnswerReadingComprehensionQuestionsMostEffectivelyTheReadingComprehensionStrategiesReadingComprehensionStrategy1:AsYouReadEachQuestionDeterminetheType:MainIdea,DetectingDetails,InferentialReasoning,orTone/MoodReadingComprehensionStrategy2:NotetheKeyPartsoftheReadingPassageReadingComprehensionStrategy3:LookBackatthePassageWheninDoubtReadingComprehensionStrategy4:BeforeYouStartAnsweringtheQuestions.ReadthePassageCarefullyReadingComprehensionStrategy5:GettheMeaningsof“Tough”WordsbyUsingtheContextMethodReadingComprehensionStrategy6:CircleTransitionalWordsinthePassageReadingComprehensionStrategy7:Don’tAnsweraQuestionontheBasisofYourOwnOpinionReadingComprehensionStrategy8:AfterReadingthePassageReadEachQuestionCarefullyReadingComprehensionStrategy9:IncreaseYourVocabularytoBoostYourReadingComprehensionScoreReadingComprehensionStrategy10:KnowHowtoDealwithQuestionsThatAskYoutoFindStatementsThatSupportorWeakentheArgumentsinaPassageorStatementsThatthePassageDoesNotProvideAnyInformationAboutVerbalReasoning—3VocabularyStrategiesVocabularyStrategy1:UseRoots,Prefixes.andSuffixestoGettheMeaningsofWords

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VocabularyStrategy2:PayAttentiontotheSoundorFeelingoftheWord—WhetherPositiveorNegative,HarshorMild,BigorLittle,Etc.VocabularyStrategy3:UseWordAssociationstoDetermineWordMeaningsandTheirOppositesPart5:MiniMathRefresherAlgebraandArithmeticPercentageProblemsEquationsFactoringExponentsandRootsEqualitiesInequalitiesGeometryTrianglesTriangles—PythogoreanTheoremAreasandPerimetersCirclesCoordinateGeometryPart6:CompleteGREMathRefresherMathematicalSymbolsMathRefresherSession1:Fractions,Decimals,Percentages,Deviations,RatiosandProportions,Variations,andComparisonofFractionsFractions,Decimals,PercentagesDeviations

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