ParaProfessional Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020)

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Reading© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/paraproParaPro AssessmentSummarize some aspects of origin, structure, content, andtechnique of the haiku as a poetic form, including examples ofan original haiku and a modern Western poem influenced byhaiku.

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ReadingHaiku was originally a Japanese poetry form. In the 13thcentury, haikuwas the opening phrase of renga, a 100-stanza oral poem. By the 16thcentury, haiku diverged into a separate short poem. When Westernwriters discovered haiku, the form became popular in English, as well asother languages. A haiku has 17 syllables, traditionally distributed acrossthree lines as 5/7/5, with a pause after the first or second line. Haiku aresyllabic and unrhymed. Haiku philosophy and technique are thatbrevity’s compression forces writers to express images concisely, depicta moment in time, and evoke illumination and enlightenment. Anexample is 17th-century haiku master Matsuo Basho’s classic: “An oldsilent pond… / A frog jumps into the pond, / splash! Silence again.”Modern American poet Ezra Pound revealed the influence of haiku in histwo-line poem “In a Station of the Metro”—line 1 has 5+7 syllables, line 2has 7, but it still preserves haiku’s philosophy and imagistic technique:“The apparition of these faces in the crowd; / Petals on a wet, blackbough.”

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Reading© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/paraproParaPro AssessmentDescribe some aspects of structure and content in some majorforms of the literary genre of poetry.

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ReadingFrom man’s earliest days, he expressed himself with poetry. A largepercentage of the surviving literature from ancient times is in epicpoetry, utilized by Homer and other Greco-Roman poets. Epic poemstypically recount heroic deeds and adventures, using stylized languageand combining dramatic and lyrical conventions. Epistolary poems alsodeveloped in ancient times: poems that are written and read as letters. Inthe fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the ballad became a popularconvention. Ballads are often structured with rhyme and meter and focuson subjects such as love, death, and religious topics. From these earlyconventions, numerous other poetic forms developed, such as elegies,odes, and pastoral poems. Elegies are mourning poems written in threeparts: lament, praise of the deceased, and solace for loss. Odes evolvedfrom songs to the typical poem of the Romantic time period, expressingstrong feelings and contemplative thoughts. Pastoral poems idealizenature and country living. Poetry can also be used to make short, pithystatements. Epigrams (memorable rhymes with one or two lines) andlimericks (two lines of iambic dimeter followed by two lines of iambicdimeter and another of iambic trimeter) are known for humor and wit.

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Reading© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/paraproParaPro AssessmentIdentify some elements and examples of four major forms ofthe literary genre of novels.Visitmometrix.com/academyfor a related video.Enter video code: 565543

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ReadingHistorical fiction is set in particular historical periods, includingprehistoric and mythological. Examples include Walter Scott’sRob RoyandIvanhoe; Leo Tolstoy’sWar and Peace;Robert Graves’I, Claudius;MaryRenault’sThe King Must DieandThe Bull from the Sea(an historicalnovel using Greek mythology); Virginia Woolf’sOrlandoandBetween theActs;and John Dos Passos’sU.S.Atrilogy.Picaresque novels recountepisodic adventures of a rogue protagonist orpícaro,like Miguel deCervantes’Don Quixoteor Henry Fielding’sTom Jones.Gothic novelsoriginated as a reaction against 18th-century Enlightenment rationalism,featuring horror, mystery, superstition, madness, supernatural elements,and revenge. Early examples include Horace Walpole’sCastle of Otranto,Matthew Gregory Lewis’Monk,Mary Shelley’sFrankenstein,and BramStoker’sDracula.In America, Edgar Allan Poe wrote many Gothic works.Contemporary novelist Anne Rice has penned many Gothic novels underthe pseudonym A. N. Roquelaure. Psychological novels, originating in17th-century France, explore characters’ motivations. Examples includeAbbé Prévost’sManon Lescaut;George Eliot’s novels; FyodorDostoyevsky’sCrime and Punishment;Tolstoy’sAnna Karenina;GustaveFlaubert’sMadame Bovary;and the novels of Henry James, James Joyce,and Vladimir Nabokov.

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Reading© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/paraproParaPro AssessmentSummarize some characteristics of the sonnet as a form ofpoetry, including brief histories and structures of two differenttypes of sonnets and summaries of variations.Visitmometrix.com/academyfor a related video.Enter video code: 451705

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ReadingThe sonnet traditionally has 14 lines of iambic pentameter, tightlyorganized around a theme. The Petrarchan sonnet, named for 14th-century Italian poet Petrarch, has an eight-line stanza, the octave, and asix-line stanza, the sestet. There is a change or turn, known as the volta,between the eighth and ninth verses, setting up the sestet’s answer orsummary. The rhyme scheme is ABBA/ABBA/CDECDE or CDCDCD. TheEnglish or Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and one couplet,with the rhyme scheme ABAB/CDCD/EFEF/GG. This format better suitsEnglish, which has fewer rhymes than Italian. The final couplet oftencontrasts sharply with the preceding quatrains, as in Shakespeare’ssonnets—for example, Sonnet 130, “My mistress’ eyes are nothing likethe sun…And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare / As any she beliedwith false compare.” Variations on the sonnet form include EdmundSpenser’s Spenserian sonnet in the 16thcentury, John Milton’s Miltonicsonnet in the 17thcentury, and sonnet sequences. Sonnet sequences areseen in works such as John Donne’sLa Coronaand Elizabeth BarrettBrowning’sSonnets from the Portuguese.

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Reading© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/paraproParaPro AssessmentSummarize the origin of Western-world sentimental novels.Give some examples of sentimental novels and novelscontaining sentimental elements.

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ReadingSentimental love novels originated in the movement of Romanticism.Eighteenth-century examples of novels that depict emotional rather thanonly physical love include Samuel Richardson’sPamela(1740) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’sNouvelle Héloïse(1761). Also in the 18thcentury,Laurence Sterne’s novelTristram Shandy(1760-1767) is an example of anovel with elements of sentimentality. The Victorian era’s rejection ofemotionalism caused the term “sentimental” to have undesirableconnotations. Even non-sentimental novelists such as WilliamMakepeace Thackeray and Charles Dickens incorporated sentimentalelements in their writing. A 19th-century author of genuinely sentimentalnovels was Mrs. Henry Wood (e.g.,East Lynne,1861). In the 20thcentury,Erich Segal’s sentimental novelLove Story(1970) was a popularbestseller.

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Reading© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/paraproParaPro AssessmentDiscuss some aspects that define the novel of manners,including some examples.

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ReadingNovels of manners are fictional stories that observe, explore, and analyzethe social behaviors of a specific time and place. While deeppsychological themes are more universal across different historicalperiods and countries, the manners of a particular society are shorter-lived and more varied; the novel of manners captures these societaldetails. Novels of manners can also be regarded as symbolicallyrepresenting, in artistic form, certain established and secure socialorders. Characteristics of novels of manners include descriptions of asociety with defined behavioral codes; the use of standardized,impersonal formulas in their language; and inhibition of emotionalexpression, as contrasted with the strong emotions expressed inromantic or sentimental novels. Jane Austen’s detailed descriptions ofEnglish society and characters struggling with the definitions andrestrictions placed on them by society are excellent models of the novelof manners. In the 20thcentury, Evelyn Waugh’sHandful of Dustis anovel of social manners, and hisSword of Honourtrilogy is a novel ofmilitary manners. Another 20th-century example isThe UnbearableBassingtonby Saki (the pen name of writer H. H. Munro), focusing onEdwardian society.

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Reading© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/paraproParaPro AssessmentDefine pastoral novels as a form of the genre. Identify ancientinfluences, including an example. Give some examples of earlierand later Western works with pastoral influences, and discussthe influences that changed pastoral literature.

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ReadingPastoral novels lyrically idealize country life as idyllic and utopian, akinto the Garden of Eden.Daphnis and Chloe, written by Greek novelistLongus around the second or third century, influenced Elizabethanpastoral romances like Thomas Lodge’sRosalynde(1590), whichinspired Shakespeare’sAs You Like It, andPhilip Sidney’sArcadia(1590).Jacques-Henri Bernardin de St. Pierre’s French workPaul et Virginie(1787) demonstrated the early Romantic view of the innocence andgoodness of nature. Though the style lost popularity by the 20thcentury,pastoral elements can still be seen in novels likeThe Rainbow(1915) andLady Chatterley’s Lover(1928), both by D. H. Lawrence. Growing realismtransformed pastoral writing into less ideal and more dystopian,distasteful and ironic depictions of country life in George Eliot’s andThomas Hardy’s novels. Saul Bellow’s novelHerzog(1964) maydemonstrate how urban ills highlight an alternative pastoral ideal. Thepastoral style is commonly thought to be overly idealized and outdatedtoday, as seen in Stella Gibbons’ pastoral satire, Cold Comfort Farm(1932).

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