Social Statistics for a Diverse Society Seventh Edition Solution Manual

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Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero:Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, SeventhEditionChapter 1–Answers toAll Exercises1.Once our research question, the hypothesis, and the study variables have been selected, we move onto the next stage of theresearch process–measuring and collecting the data. The choice of a particulardata collection method or instrument depends to our study objective. After our data have beencollected, we have to find a systematic way to organize and analyze our data and set up some set ofprocedures to decide what we mean.2.a.Females have less education than males; males retire at a greater age than females.b.Whites have greater incomes than any other race. Hispanics have incomes greater than blacks butless than whites.c.As the number of police in a city increases, the crime rate will decrease.d.Life satisfaction may vary with marital status, with satisfaction higher among married personsthan those not married.e.As military expenditures as a percentage of GNP increase, the overall level of security maydecrease, as witnessed by many Third World countries, or in the troubled Middle East. In fact,military expenditures (except during the Cold War) often increasebecauseof rising conflict, butthose expenditures may or may not guarantee more security.f.Minorities are more likely to care for their elderly parents than non-minorities.3.a. Interval ratiob. Nominalc. Interval ratiod. Ordinale. Nominalf. Interval ratiog. Interval ratioh. Nominal4.a. Discretec. Continuousf.Discreteg. Continuous5.There are many possible variables from which to choose. Some of the most common selections bystudents will probably be: type of occupation or industry, work experience, and educational trainingor expertise. Students should first address the relationship between these variables and gender. Forexample, Men have more years of work experience than women in the same occupation. Student mayalso consider measuring structural bias or discrimination.6.a.Unemployment records could be used to determine the actual number of unemployed; adescriptive statistic based upon the population.b.A survey is taken to estimate student opinions about the quality of food; inferential statistic.c.National health records can be used to determine the incidence rate of breast cancer among allAsian women, so this would be a descriptive statistic.d.The ratings will be gathered from a survey, so this is inferential.

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Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero:Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, SeventhEditione.A university should be able to report GPA by major, so this is a descriptive statistic based uponthe population.f.In theory, the U.S. records accurately all immigrants to this country. Therefore, the number ofSouth East Asian immigrants would be a descriptive statistic. However, because of illegalimmigration,surveys are also taken to estimate the total number oflegal and unauthorizedimmigrants. In that event, the number of immigrants would be an inferential statistic.7.In general, the difficulty with studying criminal acts is that the criminal act needs to be reportedfirst. It is estimated that the majority of crimes are not reported to authorities. Data on reportedcrimes are routinely collected by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Bureau of Justice.8.At the nominal level, a simple measure of political participation is whether or not someone voted inthe most recent general election. This variable would be coded either “yes” or “no.”At the ordinal level, a composite measure could be constructed of both voting and political partymembership, like this:BehaviorCodeDidn’t vote, no membership0Voted, no membershipOR Membership, didn’t vote1Voted and membership2These codes are ordinal in scale because the amount of political participation can be ranked from highto low. Other possible ordinal variables can be constructed from other sets of behaviors, such asworking in a candidate’s campaign, signing a petition, and so forth. The key points are to create avariable whose values can be ranked and whose values are not on an interval-ratio scale.At the interval-ratio level, political participation could be measured by the percentage of elections inwhich a person has voted since becoming eligible to vote, or the amount of money a persondonated to political candidates during some specified time period.9.Individual age: This variable could be measured as an interval-ratio variable, with actual age in yearsreported. As discussed in the chapter, interval ratio variables are the highest level of measurement and canalso be measured at ordinal or nominal levels.Annual income: This variable could be measured as an interval-ratio variable, with actual dollar earningsreported.Religiosity: This variable could be measured in several ways. For example, as church attendance, thevariable could be ordinal (number of times attended church in a month: every week, at least twice a month,less than two times a month, none at all).Student performance: This could be measured as an interval-ratio variable as GPA or test score.Social class: This variable is an ordinal variable, with categories low, working, middle and upper.Attitude toward gun control: This variable is an ordinal variable, with categories strongly disagree,disagree, neutral, agree and strongly agree.SPSS Solutions

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Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero:Social Statistics for a Diverse Society,SeventhEditionChapter 2SPSS Solutions1.a.15.8% of the sample is divorced.b.47.8% are married.c.Currently single includes those in the following response categories: widowed, divorced, andnever married: 8.9 + 15.8 + 24.6 = 49.3%2.

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Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero:Social Statistics for a Diverse Society,SeventhEditionb.Each variable is an ordinal measurement. [Review the definitions of levels of measurement.] Thehigher value (5) indicates strong disagreement to the statement.Overall, respondents expresspositive attitudes toward immigrants. Most believe that immigrants are good for America (48.6%agree or strongly agree to the statement) and disagree that immigrants increase crime rates (46%disagree or strongly disagree). However, almost 41.7% agree or strongly agree that immigrantstake away jobs.3.a.RACIDIMP is an ordinal measure (a four point scale).b.RACIDIMP may vary by respondent’s racial identity (RACECEN1 and RACECEN2),whether the respondent lives in racially diverse neighborhood (RACLIVE) or the number offamily generations in the household (FAMGEN).4.Students are encouraged to determine on their own how to recode the variable.Students shouldconsider how the years of education is related to degree attainment, for example: 12 years = high schoolgraduate or 16 years = college graduate.5.We recoded labor force participation rates into four categories: 1–25% and below, 2–25.01-50%, 3–50.01-75% and 4–75.01% and above. Our recoded variables are presented in the following tables.From the data we can conclude that labor participation is higher for males than females. There were nocountries where the male labor force participation rate was 50% or less. Out of the 70 countries, all the

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Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero:Social Statistics for a Diverse Society,SeventhEditionreported labor rate was 50.01% or higher. The largest category was 50.01-75 (75.7% of all cases). For women,the largest category was 50.01-75% (60% of all cases).Chapter 2–Answers to Exercises1.a.Race is a nominal variable. Class is an ordinal variable, since the categories can be ordered fromlower to higher status.b.Frequency Table for RaceRaceFrequency (f)White17Nonwhite13Total (N)30Frequency Table for ClassClassFrequency (f)Lower3Working15Middle11Upper1Total (N)302.ClassPercentage

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Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero:Social Statistics for a Diverse Society,SeventhEditionLower10.0%Working50.0%Middle36.7%Upper3.3%Total100%a.The smallest perceived class is the upper class, composing only 3.3% of the survey.b.Together, the working and middle class compose 86.7% of the survey.3.Number of traumasFrequency (f)01511124Total (N)30Trauma is an interval or ratio-level variable, since it has a real zero point and a meaningful numeric scale.b.People in this survey are more likely to have experienced no traumas last year (50% of the group).c.The proportion who experienced one or more traumas is calculated by first adding 36.7% and 13.3% =50%. Then divide that number by 100 to obtain the proportion, 0.50, or half the group.4.a.interval-ratiob.

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Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero:Social Statistics for a Diverse Society,SeventhEditionc.5.3% of the sample has 8 years of education or less, which corresponds to 41/775.d.FrequencyPercentCumulativePercentLess Than High School13517.417.4High SchoolGrad-nocollege20726.744.1Some College19324.969.0College Grad24031.0100.0Total775100.031% of the sample has graduated from college.17.4% of the sample has not graduated from high school. This category includes all those with 11years or less.5.Ranking them from highest to lowest level of support: Strong Democrats, Strong Republicans andIndependents. Support does vary by group, however, the majority of strong Democrats (56.8%) and strongRepublicans (50%) agree/strongly agree with the statement. The group with the lowest level of support isIndependents with 42.3%.6.

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Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero:Social Statistics for a Diverse Society,SeventhEditionEmail hoursper weekFrequencyCf%C%019191919120392039213521352355755742592595665665657057072722728375375917617610 or more23992399Total9999%b..575(57/99) spent 3 hours or less on email per week.c.This group includes 5+2+3+1+23= 34 respondents. The proportion is 34/99 or .343.7.a.For whites.Educationf%C%Less than high school7212.312.3High school graduate27246.558.8Junior college467.966.7Bachelor11820.286.9Graduate7713.2100.1TOTAL585For blacks.Educationf%C%Less than high school2622.022.0High school graduate595072.0Junior college108.580.5Bachelor1613.694.1Graduate75.9100.0TOTAL118For males.

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Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero:Social Statistics for a Diverse Society,SeventhEditionEducationf%C%Less than high school4614.014.0High school graduate15145.959.9Junior college247.367.2Bachelor6519.887Graduate4313.1100.1TOTAL329For females.Educationf%C%Less than high school6715.015.0High school graduate21447.862.8Junior college378.271.0Bachelor8118.189.1Graduate4910.9100.0TOTAL448b.40.2% of males attended school beyond high school.A lowerpercentage of females (37.2%) did thesame.c.58.8% for whites and 72.0% for blacks.d.Cumulative percentages are more similar for men and women than for white and blacks. Inequalityappears to be larger between racial groups. A larger percentage of whites complete bachelor or graduatedegrees than do blacks.8.For both groups, the rate of infection can be ranked in the order presented. Rates are highest for blacks,followed by Hispanics and whites. Infection rates are higher for men than they are for women. The infectionrate for black men is more than 2.5x the rate for black women.9.a.Interval-ratiob.33.7% of males and 34.9% of females had 3 children or more.c.Based on the cumulative percentages, a higher percentage of males have fewer children (0-1) thanfemales (44.6% vs. 36.7%).Males(f)%C(%)Females(f)%C(%)09428.728.79220.620.615215.944.67216.136.7

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Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero:Social Statistics for a Diverse Society,SeventhEdition27121.766.312728.465.134714.480.79120.485.54309.289.9388.5945 or more3310.1100276.0100Total (N)32744710. Please note: the data is replicated in the exercise as it wasreported by the Bureau of Justice Statistics.Percentages do not equal 100.All Males (%)C(%)All Females (%)C(%)18-191.51.5.9.920-2412.413.911.212.125-2916.330.217.429.530-3416.546.717.54735-3913.760.414.861.840-4412.572.914.175.945-4911.083.911.887.750-547.791.67.094.755-594.295.83.297.960-642.2981.499.365+1.899.8.9100.211.a.Victimization rates are highest for those 12-17 years of age.b.Victimization rates have been declining since 1994-1998.In the last time period, 2005-2010, allrates are below 5 per 1,000 females. Across the three time periods, victimization rates are highestfor females age 12-17 (11.3 to 4.1). Second highest rates are among females age18-34 year (7.0 to3.7).12.For sex and age: Women were more likely than men to indicate that same-sex marriage should belegal. There was an increase in bothage groups for men and women. The highest increase was among menages 18-49 years. For age: There is an increase in support across all three age groups. The largest increasewas among those 18-34 years of age (70-54 = 16%). For political affiliation: There was an increase in thepercent indicating support for the legalization of same-sex marriage among Democrats and Independents.No change among Republicans. For political views: There was an increase in support for same-sex marriageamong all political affiliationcategories. The percent increases can be ranked from high to low: moderates(9%), liberals (8%) and conservatives (3%).13.a.SEX: nominalRACE: nominalAGE: ordinalEDUCATION: ordinalINCOME LEVEL: ordinalRELIGIOUS AFFILIATION: nominalb.Based on the Gallup data, we know thatthe majority of female voters,totalnonwhite andnon-Hispanic blackvoters, young (18-29) voters, voters with post graduate degrees and lower incomevoters

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Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero:Social Statistics for a Diverse Society,SeventhEditionsupported President Obama and Vice President Biden. Governor Romneyand Senator Ryanhad strongestsupport among men,non-Hispanic whites, seniors (65 years and older), college graduates or those withsome college, and voters who earned $36,000 or more.14.Native bornindividualsare more likely to be educated than foreign born.Fifty nine percent of thenative born has some college or higher(28% had a bachelor’s degree or higher). In comparison,46% foreign born has some college or higher(27% percent had a bachelor’s degree or higher).

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Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero:SocialStatistics for a Diverse Society, Seventh EditionChapter 3SPSS Solutions1.a.Bar graph for AGEGRPAb. Bar graphs for males and females (% of cases reported)

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c.Overall, almost two third of the respondents are above 45. The largest age category for both male andfemale respondents is the oldest group, 45+. A slightly higher percent of males are 45 or older (74.91%) than thefemales (65.7%). The second largest age group is the youngest one, 18-34. 17.38% of the female respondents fallin this category as compared to their male counterparts of whom 12.37% are between 18 to 34 years of age.2.

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The amount of respondents who have ever looked for information about health or medical topics from anysource increases as educational degree increases, from 44.4% among those with less than 8 years of education to93.1% among those with a postgraduate degree.You can see the increase in this category by tracking how theblue section of the pie chart increases in size with each educational level.3.a. GeneralHealth (Bar Chart). Approximately the same percent of men and women report excellent, very goodand good health. A slightly higher percentage of males report fair health (13.1 vs. 11.9%) than women andslightly more women report poor health (3.4 vs. 2.9%) than women.

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b.Occupation Status (Bar Chart).A higher percentage of males are employed than females (57.12% vs. 51.73%The largest difference between the two groups is in the “Homemaker” category in which 10.61% of the femalerespondents fall as compared to only 0.178% of their male counterparts.c.EverHadCancer (Pie Chart). A slightly higher percentage of men reported that they have been diagnosed ashaving cancer than women, 14.8% vs. 13.9%

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