Solution Manual for Data Analysis with SPSS: A First Course in Applied Statistics, 4th Edition

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’s ManualforSweet and Grace-MartinData Analysis with SPSSA First Course in Applied StatisticsFourth EditionSOLUTION MANUAL

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iiiTable of ContentsChapter 1 – Key Concepts in Social Science Research………………………………..1Chapter 2 – Getting Started: Accessing, Examining, and Saving Data………………11Chapter 3 – Univariate Analysis: Descriptive Statistics……………………………...17Chapter 4 – Constructing Variables……………………………………………….….26Chapter 5 – Assessing Association through Bivariate Analysis……………………...36Chapter 6 – Comparing Group Means through Bivariate Analysis………………..…53Chapter 7 – Modeling Relationships of Multiple Variables with Linear Regression…65Chapter 8 – Logistic Regression…………………………….……………………..…72

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Chapter 1 – Key Concepts in Social Science Research1Chapter 1 ExercisesNameDate1. Identify the independent and dependent variables in the following research projects:A.A study seeks to find out if listening to rap music causes teenagers to becomemore violent than their peers who do not listen to rap music.Rap musicViolenceIndependent VariableDependent VariableB.A group of researchers is interested in examining the effects of long-term poverty.They do this by studying subjects’ physiological health and attachment to theworkforce.Long-term povertyHealth and attachment to workforceIndependent Variable(s)Dependent Variable(s)C.A study finds that self-esteem increases as a consequence of receiving goodgrades on examinations.GradesSelf-esteemIndependent VariableDependent Variable

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’s Manual for Sweet & Grace-Martin,Data Analysis with SPSS, 4/e22. Indicators are used to measure abstract concepts. List some indicators that might prove to bereliable and valid in measuring the following concepts. Note that sometimes social indicators canbe drawn from observing people, but as we show in our examples, they can also be drawn byconsidering distributions of resources, organizations, or other sources of data.A. Economic ProsperityE.g., Gross National ProductIncomesHome sales, Dow Jones, etc.Employment/unemploymentB. Family ViolenceE.g., Admissions to Battered Women’s SheltersHospital admissionsSelf reports of victimizationHomicide reportsC. Consumer CulturesE.g., New York Times Bestsellers ListProduct salesTelevision adsMagazine adsD. Mental HealthE.g., Survey Reports of HappinessHospital admissionsDeath reports (suicides)Alcohol drug consumption

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Chapter 1 – Key Concepts in Social Science Research33. Using Appendix 1, identify the variable labels and variable names from the STATES10 datathat might be good indicators for the following concepts:A. Educational AttainmentEDS127 Percent of Public School 4th Graders Proficient or Better in Reading: 2007EDS128 Percent of Public School 8th Graders Proficient or Better in Reading: 2007EDS129 Percent of Public School 4th Graders Proficient or Better in Math: 2009EDS130 Percent of Public School 8th Graders Proficient or Better in Math: 2009EDS131 Percent of Population Graduated from High School: 2008EDS134 Public High School Drop Out Rate: 2007EDS135 ACT Average Composite Score: 2009EDS151 Enrollment Rate per 1,000 Aged 18-24 in Institutions of Higher Education:2006EDS154 Percent of Population With a Bachelors Degree or More: 2008B. HealthHTH100 Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 Live Births: 2006HTH101 White Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 Live Births: 2006HTH102 Black Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 Live Births: 2006HTH165 Death Rate per 100,000 by Accidents: 2006HTH168 Death Rate per 100,000 by Motor Vehicle Accidents: 2006HTH171 Death Rate per 100,000 by Firearm Injury: 2006HTH174 Death Rate per 100,000 by Homicide: 2006HTH177 Death Rate per 100,000 by Suicide: 2006HTH180 Death Rate per 100,000 by Alcohol-Induced Deaths: 2006HTH186 Occupational Fatality Rate per 100,000: 2008HTH398 Sexually Transmitted Disease Rate per 100,000: 2008HTH405 Percent of Adults Who Have Asthma: 2008HTH408 Percent of Adults Reporting Serious Psychological Distress: 2007HTH503 Adult Per Capita Beer Consumption: 2007HTH505 Adult Per Capita Wine Consumption: 2007HTH507 Adult Per Capita Distilled Spirits Consumption: 2007HTH508 Percent of Adults Who Do Not Drink Alcohol: 2008HTH510 Percent of Adults Who Smoke: 2008HTH515 Percent of Population Who are Illicit Drug Users: 2007HTH519 Percent of Adults Who Do Not Exercise: 2008HTH520 Percent of Adults Who Exercise Vigorously: 2007HTH522 Percent of Adults with High Blood Pressure: 2007HTH524 Percent of Adults Who Have Visited a Dentist or Dental Clinic: 2008HTH525 Percent of Adults 65 and Older Who Have Lost All Their Natural Teeth: 2008HTH527 Percent of Adults Rating Their Health as Fair or Poor: 2008HTS248 Tornadoes: 2009HTS384 Percent of Private-Sector Establishments That Offer Health Insurance: 2008

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’s Manual for Sweet & Grace-Martin,Data Analysis with SPSS, 4/e4HTS386 Percent of Population Not Covered by Health Insurance: 2008HTS387 Percent of Population Lacking Access to Primary Care: 2010HTS389 Rate per 100,000 Pop. of Physicians: 2008HTS390 Rate per 100,000 Pop. of Registered Nurses: 2008HTS391 Rate per 100,000 Pop. of Dentists: 2007HTS399 Percent of Mothers Receiving Late or No Prenatal Care: 2006HTS401 Reported Legal Abortions per 1,000 Live Births: 2006HTS403 Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 Live Births: 2006HTS405 Age-Adjusted Death Rate per 100,000 Pop.: 2007HTS406 Estimated Death Rate per 100,000 Pop. by Cancer: 2009HTS409 Estimated Rate per 100,000 Pop. of New Cancer Cases: 2009HTS411 Age-Adjusted Death Rate per 100,000 Pop. by Accidents: 2006HTS415 Age-Adjusted Death Rate per 100,000 Pop. by Diseases of the Heart: 2006HTS417 Age-Adjusted Death Rate per 100,000 Pop. by Suicide: 2006HTS418 Death Rate per 100,000 Pop. by AIDS: 2006HTS419 Age-Adjusted Death Rate per 100,000 Pop. by AIDS: 2006HTS420 Adult Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: 2007HTS421 Percent of Adults Who Smoke: 2008HTS422 Percent of Adults Overweight or Obese: 2008HTS423 Percent of Children Aged 19 to 35 Months Fully Immunized: 2008HTS573 Highway Fatality Rate per 100 Million Vehicle Miles Traveled: 2008HTS577 Safety Belt Usage Rate: 2008C. PovertyPVS519 Poverty Rate: 2008PVS521 Percent of Children Living in Poverty: 2008PVS523 Percent of Female-Headed Families with Children Living in Poverty: 2008PVS542 Percent of Population Receiving Public Aid: 2007PVS546 Average Monthly TANF Assistance per family: 2007PVS551 Percent of Population Receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance ProgramBenefits: 2009

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Chapter 1 – Key Concepts in Social Science Research54. Using Appendix 2 and Appendix 3, identify the variable labels and variable names from theGSS08 data that might be good indicators for the following concepts:A. Religious CommitmentRELIGRS RELIGIOUS PREFERENCEDENOMSPECIFIC DENOMINATIONFUNDHOW FUNDAMENTALIST IS R CURRENTLYATTENDHOW OFTEN R ATTENDS RELIGIOUS SERVICESRELITENSTRENGTH OF AFFILIATIONPOSTLIFEBELIEF IN LIFE AFTER DEATHPRAYHOW OFTEN DOES R PRAYREBORNHAS R EVER HAD A 'BORN AGAIN' EXPERIENCERELEXPHAVE RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE CHANGED LIFEB. PrejudiceRACDIF2DIFFERENCES DUE TO INBORN DISABILITYRACDIF4DIFFERENCES DUE TO LACK OF WILLWORKWHTSHARD WORKING - LAZYWORKBLKSHARD WORKING - LAZYINTLWHTSUNINTELLIGENT -INTELLIGENTINTLBLKSUNINTELLIGENT - INTELLIGENTHOMOSEXHOMOSEXUAL SEX RELATIONSFEFAMBETTER FOR MAN TO WORK, WOMAN TEND HOMEC. Sexual ActivityXMOVIESEEN X-RATED MOVIE IN LAST YEARPARTNERSHOW MANY SEX PARTNERS R HAD IN LAST YEARSEXFREQFREQUENCY OF SEX DURING LAST YEARNUMWOMENNUMBER OF FEMALE SEX PARTNERS SINCE 18NUMMENNUMBER OF MALE SEX PARTNERS SINCE 18SEXORNTSEXUAL ORIENTATIOND. Family StructureMARITALMARITAL STATUSCHILDSNUMBER OF CHILDRENHOMPOPNUMBER OF PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLDBABIESHOUSEHOLD MEMBERS LESS THAN 6 YRS OLDPRETEENHOUSEHOLD MEMBERS 6 THRU 12 YRS OLDTEENSHOUSEHOLD MEMBERS 13 THRU 17 YRS OLDADULTSHOUSEHOLD MEMBERS 18 YRS AND OLDERUNRELATNUMBER IN HOUSEHOLD NOT RELATEDHHTYPE1HOUSEHOLD TYPE (CONDENSED)

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’s Manual for Sweet & Grace-Martin,Data Analysis with SPSS, 4/e65. Researchers have found a consistent relationship between schools and crime. More crimesoccur in neighborhoods surrounding high schools and junior high schools than in neighborhoodsfar away from schools. The researchers conclude that schools cause crime and believe that thisrelationship may have something to do with teachers not teaching students the appropriatelessons in the classroom. On the basis of these data, do you find this argument compelling? Whyor why not? If not, what could explain this relationship?A spurious factor is a third variable which influences two variables believed to be inrelationshipwithoneanother.Inthiscase,thespuriousfactormaybetheconcentrationofteenagersandyoungadults.Teenagersandyoungadultsareresponsible for a disproportionate number of crimes, thus inflating the crime rate inareas where they are concentrated.Schools service teenagers and young adults.Therefore it isn’t really the school causing crime, but the fact that schools are placeswhere many of the crime-inclined congregate.

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Chapter 1 – Key Concepts in Social Science Research76. The U.S. Department of Justice has found that of the children killed by their parents, 55% ofthe murders were performed by the child’s mother and 45% of the murders were performed bythe child’s father. A researcher uses these data to support his contention that women are moreviolent than men. On the basis of these data, do you find this argument compelling? Why or whynot? If not, what could explain this relationship?The argument is not especially compelling because the difference in rates is probablydue to the influence of a spurious factor. In this case, the spurious factor may be timespentwithkids.Womenassumeadisproportionateshareofthechildrearingresponsibilities. Being in contact with kids for longer periods of time may increase thelikelihood of that parent engaging in violent acts against those kids.

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’s Manual for Sweet & Grace-Martin,Data Analysis with SPSS, 4/e87. A social commentator argues that the welfare programs which were introduced in the mid1960s have caused an unprecedented expansion of poverty in the United States. Based on thefollowing data from theStatistical Abstract of the United States 2009, would you agree ordisagree with this causal statement? Explain.YearPercent Below Poverty Level196022%196515%197013%197512%198013%198514%199014%199514%200013%200513%200713%There are two ways to answer this question, outside of the remote possibility thatwelfare consumption does actually increase poverty in ways not indicated by thesedata:1.Time order concerns and the direction of association:The change in the independent variable must precede the change in thedependent variable. In this case, we would expect to see an increase inpovertyrateswiththeexpansionofwelfareprograms.However,theexpansion of welfare programs has produced a decrease in welfare rates.Therefore there is little support for this theoretical relationship betweenpoverty and welfare.2.Spurious relationship:Some students may argue that this table is misleading in that there may be athird variable that needs to be taken into account. Economic prosperitycould conceivably account for some of the decline in poverty rates. WithoutaccountingforthechangingeconomyintheUnitedStates,itisnotmethodologically sound to conclude that welfare is the factor that eitherincreases or decreases poverty rates. Therefore the table is not an effectiverebuttal or support for the above theory.

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Chapter 1 – Key Concepts in Social Science Research98. What environmental conditions influence crime?A.List a few hypotheses, predictions of factors that influence crime.E.g. Ho1: Crime is caused by a lack of jobsAnswers will vary.B. Use the STATES10 descriptions in Appendix 1 and list variables that might help testyour hypotheses.Answers will vary. To help guide students, point them to the variables with the prefixCR (crime).C. While examining the Appendix 1, did you find any additional variables that may alsoinfluence crime?Answers will vary.

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’s Manual for Sweet & Grace-Martin,Data Analysis with SPSS, 4/e109. What characteristics of individuals are associated with happiness?A. List a few hypotheses, predictions that influence happiness.E.g. Ho1: The wealthier a person is, the happier they are.Answers will vary.B. Use the GSS08 descriptions in Appendix 2 and Appendix 3 and list variables thatmight help test your hypotheses.Answers will vary.C. While examining the Appendix 2 and Appendix 3, did you find any additionalvariables that may also influence happiness?Answers will vary.

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Chapter 2 – Getting Started: Accessing, Examining, and Saving Data11Chapter 2 ExercisesNameDate____________1. Create a new data set by polling 5 other people and asking the following questions:RESPOND. What are the last four digits of your phone number?EXER1. Do you exercise regularly? (Yes or No)EXER2. How many hours a week would you say you exercise?EXER3. Do you participate in team sports? (Yes or No)EXER4. What is your favorite sport to play?Create a new data set using these data and incorporating the following labels.Variable NameTypeLabelValue LabelsMeasureRESPONDString20Respondent NameNoneNominalEXER1NumericExercise Regularly?0=no1=yesNominalEXER2NumericHours/Week of ExerciseNoneScaleEXER3NumericParticipate in Team Sports? 0=no 1=yesNominalEXER4String 20Favorite SportNoneNominalEnter the responses and save the data as “EXERCISE.SAV”. Be sure to save it to alocation that you have access to. Show that you have set up the file with the followingcommand and follow your instructor’s request, such as print the output:FileDisplay Data File InformationWorking File

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’s Manual for Sweet & Grace-Martin,Data Analysis with SPSS, 4/e12

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Chapter 2 – Getting Started: Accessing, Examining, and Saving Data132. Open the data STATES10.SAV. Examine the data set in theVariable View Windowand locatesome variables that measure the following concepts. Recall that the variable names begin with a2-letter code for the general topic of the variable. (Double click within the box of variables andscroll up or down to view all of the variables.)A. Economic ProsperityECS96 Per Capita Gross Domestic Product: 2008ECS100 Per Capita Personal Income: 2008ECS103 Median Household Income: 2008ECS103 Median Household Income: 2008ECS105 Personal Bankruptcy Rate per 100,000: 2009ECS445 Homeownership Rate: 2008B. Substance AbuseHTC254 Percent of High School Students Who Drink Alcohol: 2007HTC255 Percent of High School Students Who Use Marijuana: 2007HTH180 Death Rate per 100,000 by Alcohol-Induced Deaths: 2006HTH503 Adult Per Capita Beer Consumption: 2007HTH505 Adult Per Capita Wine Consumption: 2007HTH507 Adult Per Capita Distilled Spirits Consumption: 2007HTH508 Percent of Adults Who Do Not Drink Alcohol: 2008HTH510 Percent of Adults Who Smoke: 2008HTH515 Percent of Population Who are Illicit Drug Users: 2007HTS420 Adult Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: 2007C. Educational AttainmentEDS127 Percent of Public School 4th Graders Proficient or Better in Reading: 2007EDS128 Percent of Public School 8th Graders Proficient or Better in Reading: 2007EDS129 Percent of Public School 4th Graders Proficient or Better in Math: 2009EDS130 Percent of Public School 8th Graders Proficient or Better in Math: 2009EDS131 Percent of Population Graduated from High School: 2008EDS134 Public High School Drop Out Rate: 2007EDS135 ACT Average Composite Score: 2009EDS151 Enrollment Rate per 1,000 Aged 18-24 in Institutions of Higher Education:2006EDS154 Percent of Population With a Bachelors Degree or More: 2008

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