Solution Manual for Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 12th Edition

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1ANINTRODUCTION TOGEOLOGY1INTRODUCTIONAn Introduction to Geologycovers the fundamental ideas and concepts of geologic study. Fundamentalconcepts of historical geology, including catastrophism, uniformitarianism, and geologic time, providea context to the study of geology. A discussion of scientific inquiry aids in understanding how geologicprocesses and materials are studied and understood. The chapter provides a brief discussion ofEarth’s spheres, including the hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and geosphere, and discussesEarth systems science as a means of understanding the interconnectedness of these spheres. Thechapter then discusses the formation of the solar system, Earth, and the fundamental concepts ofdensity and buoyancy in understanding Earth structure. This leads to a discussion of Earth’s layeringand the rock cycle operating at and beneath Earth’s surface. The chapter ends with a discussion of themajor physicalfeatures of the Earth’s surface, including those of the continents and ocean basins.CHAPTEROUTLINE1.Geology: The Science of Eartha.Geology is the science that pursues an understanding of planet Earthi.Earth is a dynamic body with many interacting parts and a complex historyii.Earth is continuously changing, both rapidly and slowly, and internally andexternallyb.Physical geology and historical geologyi.Physical geology1.Examines the materials composing Earth2.Seeks to understand the many processes that operate beneath and upon itssurfaceii.Historical geology1.Attempts to understand the origin of Earth and its development through time2.Establishes an orderly chronological arrangement of changes in Earth’sgeologic pastiii.Physical and historical geology is further subdivided into many areas ofspecializationc.Geology, people, and the environmenti.The problems and issues addressed by geology are of practical value to peopleii.Natural hazards1.Natural processes become hazards when people live where they occur2.Volcanoes, floods, tsunami, earthquakes, and landslides3.Urbanization makes people more vulnerable to hazardsiii.Resources1.Water and soil, metallic and nonmetallic minerals, and energy2.Form foundation of modern civilization

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