Solution Manual for Harris Reference Guide for Writers, 10th Edition

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Answer KeyforTheHarrisReference Guidefor WritersTENTH EDITIONMuriel HarrisPurdue UniversityJennifer L. KunkaFrancis Marion University

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Contents11112113214215316317418419520521522623724725926102710281129113013311332Comma Splices and Fused SentencesSubject-Verb AgreementSentence FragmentsDangling and Misplaced ModifiersParallel ConstructionsConsistency (Avoiding Shifts)Faulty PredictionCoordination and SubordinationSentence ClarityTransitionsSentence VarietyVerbsNouns and PronounsPronoun Case and ReferenceAdjectives and AdverbsPrepositionsSubjectsPhrasesClausesEssential and Nonessential Clauses and PhrasesSentencesStyle Versus Grammar13

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33133514361437143815391540164119422043214421452246224723482449255025512652265428562857295829592961General and Specific LanguageConciseness and WordinessPassive Versus Active VoiceUnnecessary and Inappropriate LanguageAppropriate LanguageGender-Inclusive LanguageCommasApostrophesSemicolonsColonsQuotation MarksHyphensEnd PunctuationOther PunctuationCapitalsAbbreviationsNumbersItalicsSpellingVerbsPronouns and AdverbsCount and Noncount NounsAdjectives and AdverbsPrepositionsFinding a Topic30

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63Searching Libraries and Library Databases3064Using Web Resources3066Evaluating Sources3068Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism3070Documenting in MLA Style31

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A n s w e rK e y1CHAPTER 11: Comma Splices and Fused SentencesExercise 11.1: Proofreading Practice(1) Office gossip no longer takes place at the water cooler. (2) Companies that are online have a new wayto relay gossip,ande-mail is the medium.orCompanies that are online have a new way to relay gossip;e-mail is the medium. (3) Some court cases have made corporate executives rethink policies ontransmittinge-mailanddestroyingoldmessages.(4)Seeminglyharmlessconversationsbetweencolleagues have been retrieved,andthis information has been used in sexual harassment cases and otherlawsuits. (5) A single employee can store thousands of pages of e-mail messages;however, mail sentthrough a company e-mail is owned by the company, the mail is not censored or monitored. (6)Consequently, companies are eager for systems that reviewand spot-check e-mail. (7) Companyexecutives are employing programs that censor e-mail and block messages containing inappropriatematerial;this monitoring prevents embarrassing situations. (8) CEOs understand that Big Brother has abetter view since employees began hitting the Send button.Exercise 11.2: Pattern PracticeSome possible answers are as follows:1.There are many varieties of chocolate,butall varieties come from the same bean.2.All varieties are the product of fermentation,andonce fermented, beans must be dried before beingpacked for shipping.3.Chocolate pods cannot be gathered when they are underripe or overripe,sothey are usually harvestedvery carefully by hand.4.Dutch chocolate has the cocoa butter pressed out and alkali added,andSwiss chocolate has milkadded.5.Conching influences the flavor of chocolate,forit is the process of rolling chocolate over and againstitself.6.Chocolate is loved by millions of people all over the world,yetsome people are allergic to chocolate.CHAPTER 12: Subject-Verb AgreementExercise 12.1: Proofreading Practice1. is5. attempts9. are2. do not6. are10. insist3. seem7. study11. aren’t4. become8. conclude12. beginsExercise 12.2: Pattern PracticeAnswers will vary.

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2CHAPTER 13: Sentence FragmentsExercise 13.1: Proofreading Practice1. C, 2. C, 3. F, 4. C, 5. F, 6. C, 7. C, 8. C, 9. F, 10. C, 11. C, 12. F, 13. C, 14. F, 15. C, 16. F, 17. C, 18.C, 19. FExercise 13.2: Pattern Practice1. F2. C3. F4. C5. F6. F7. C8. F9. C10. FCHAPTER 14: Dangling and Misplaced ModifiersExercise 14.1: Proofreading PracticeAccording to some anthropologists, the fastball may be millions of years older than the beginning ofbaseball.To provethis point, prehistoric toolmaking sites, such as Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, areoffered as evidence. These sites are littered with smooth, roundish stones not suitable for flaking intotools.Suspectingthat the stones might have been used as weapons, anthropologists have speculated thatthese stones were thrown at enemies and animals being hunted.Searchingfor other evidence, historicalaccounts of primitive peoples have been combed for stories of rock throwing.Hereearly adventurers aredescribed as being caught by rocks thrown hard and fast.Used in combat, museums have collections ofthese “handstones.”Sostone throwing may have been a major form of defense and a tool for hunting.Beingan impulse that still has to be curbed, parents still find themselves teaching their children not tothrow stones.Exercise 14.2: Pattern PracticeAnswers will vary.

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3Exercise 14.3: Proofreading Practice(1) The man with an umbrella, who was carrying the sack of groceries, walked carefully to his car. (2) Hebought only a small amount of food for his lunch because he was going to leave town that afternoon. (3)Opening the car door, he whistled to his huge black dog and set the groceries in the trunk. (4) The doghappily jumped into the trunk with the groceries.Exercise 14.4: Pattern PracticeAnswers will vary.CHAPTER 15: Parallel ConstructionsExercise 15.1: Proofreading Practice(1)block the landscapeandcreate visual clutter(2)allowed exemptionsanddidn’t include(3)that usesandthat is attracting(4)doesn’t changeandhas;keeps changingandcan be rented(5)attracting advertisersandbuilding;intrusive,distracting, anddangerous(6)before the signs were convertedandthen after the signs changed(7)that such research isandthat blinking lights are bound(8)the lack ofandthe opposition by(9)to either try to controlorto call for;size, brightness, andturn-around time(10)that when a driver’s eye leaves the roadandthat digital billboards often tend to attract drivers’eyesExercise 15.2: Pattern PracticeAnswers will vary.CHAPTER 16: Consistency (Avoiding Shifts)Exercise 16.1: Proofreading PracticeOne possible revision is as follows:Many people think that recycling material is a recent trend. However, during World War II, more than 43percent of America’s newsprint was recycled, and the average person saved bacon grease and other meatfat, which they[he (or she)]returned to local collection centers. What you would do is(a person didwas)pour leftover fat and other greasy gunk(grease)from frying pans and pots into tin cans. Today,despite the fact that many people are recycling, less than half of Americans’ waste is actually recycled.The problem is not to get us(people)to save bottles and cans but to convince industry to use recycledmaterials. There is a concern expressed by manufacturers(Manufacturers have expressed concern)thatthey would be using materials of uneven quality and will(would)face undependable delivery. If themanufacturer(manufacturers)would wake up and smell the coffee(this phrase can be omitted), theywould see the advantages for the country and bigger profits could be made by them(the bigger profitsthey could make).

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4CHAPTER 17: Faulty PredictionExercise 17.1: Proofreading PracticeSome possible revisions are as follows:1.One way to relax is to grab a bowl of popcorn, put your feet up, and watch football on televisionfortwo hours.2.Computer science is a field of study in which you learn how to program.3.One of the most common ways to improve your math is to hire a tutor.4.The next agenda item we want to look at is the question of finding out the cost of purchasingdecorations.5.His job consisted mainly of handling repetitious assembly line tasks.Exercise 17.2: Pattern PracticeAnswers will vary.CHAPTER 18: Coordination and SubordinationExercise 18.1: Proofreading PracticeOne possible revision of this paragraph is as follows:Although most people think of pigs as providers of ham, bacon, and pork chops, they also think of pigs asdirty, smelly, lazy, stupid, mean, and stubborn. However, there’s more to pigs than this bad press they’vehad, so we should stop and reevaluate what we think of pigs. (2) President Harry Truman once said thatno man should be allowed to be president who does not understand hogs. This lack of understandingindicates inadequate appreciation for a useful farm animal. (3) Some people are discovering that pigsmake excellent pets. (4) In fact, because pigs have been favorite characters in children’s fiction, manypeople fondly remember the cartoon character Porky Pig and Miss Piggy, the Muppet creation, as well asthe heroic pig named Wilbur in E. B. White’sCharlotte’s Web. (5) Clubs for people who keep pigs aspets are now not just on farms, although pigs have long been favorite pets of farm children, who are likelyto be fond of animals. (6) People with pigs as pets report that their pigs are curious, friendly little animalsthat are quite clean despite the “dirty as a pig” saying. However, pigs, which are not very athletic, alsohave a sweet tooth. (7) Pigs can be interesting pets and useful farm animals to raise.Exercise 18.2: Pattern PracticeAnswers will vary.One possible paragraph is given here:Although plastic used to be considered a cheap, shoddy material, it is taking the place of many materials.In addition to cars made of plastic, there are also boats, airplanes, cameras, fishing rods, watches,suitcases, toothpaste tubes, and plates made of plastic. Plastic, which has replaced the glass in eyeglasses,the wood in tennis rackets, and cotton and wool in our clothing, seems new but has been with us for along time. Celluloid, which is a nearly natural plastic, was developed in 1868 as a substitute for ivory inbilliard balls. However, celluloid proved to be too flammable. Now, because new types of plastic, such asglow-in-the-dark plastic, have mushroomed, the use of plastics has steadily increased. By the mid-1970s,in fact, plastic had become the nation’s most widely used material.

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5CHAPTER 19: Sentence ClarityExercise 19.1: Proofreading Practice1. a, d, e. (already provided in the example)2. a, b, d, e, f.3. d, e.4. b, c, d.5. a, e, f.6. a, d, e.Exercise 19.2: Pattern PracticeAnswers will vary.CHAPTER 20: TransitionsExercise 20.1: Proofreading Practice(1)its(3)and(4)it(3)it(3)(2)But(4)this(3)ship(2)(3)It(3)(4)Then(4)vessel(2)(5)Next(4)Titanic(1)ocean(1)(6)It(3)when(4)boat(2)it(3)(7)Eventually(4)material(2)ship(2)(8)Later(4)researchers(1)ship(2)but(4)it(3)water(2)(9)In time(4)vessel(2)but(4)Titanic(1)Exercise 20.2: Proofreading PracticeAnswers will vary.One suggested version of the practice paragraph is as follows:Caring for houseplants requires some basic knowledge about plants. For example, the plant should bewatered regularly and its leaves should be cleaned. Moreover, since spring and summer bring a specialtime of growth, the plant can be fertilized then. In addition, the plant can be repotted, but the diameter ofthe new pot should be only two inches larger than the pot the plant is presently in. Some plants can be putoutside in summer; however, some plants cannot. In sum, if you are familiar with basic requirements forhouseplants, you will have healthy plants.CHAPTER 21: Sentence VarietyExercise 21.1: Pattern PracticeOne suggested version of the practice paragraph is as follows:While scientists neglect whistling, amateurs and hobbyists do not. There are whistling contests all overthe United States, where accomplished whistlers whistle classical music, opera, jazz, Broadway show

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6tunes, polkas, and even rock-and-roll. People whistle very differently. Some people pucker their lips,while others use their throat, hands, or fingers to produce whistling sounds that resemble the flute. Thereare several advantages to whistling: it is a happy sound; whistlers never lose their instrument; theirinstrument doesn’t need to be cleaned or repaired; it costs nothing; and it is easily transported. Becausewhistling is hard to explain, it is something you pick up either at a young age or not at all.CHAPTER 22: VerbsExercise 22.1: Proofreading Practice(1) For a long time psychologists havewonderedwhat memories are and where they arestoredin thehuman brain. (2) Because it is the basis of human intellect, memory hasbeen studiedintensely. (3)According to one psychologist, memory is an umbrella term for a whole range of processes that occur inour brains. (4) In particular, psychologists haveidentifiedtwo types of memory. (5) One type iscalleddeclarative memory, and it includes memories of facts such as names, places, dates, and even baseballscores. (6) It is called declarative because we use itto declarethings. (7) For example, a person candeclare his or her favorite food is fried bean sprouts. (8) The other type iscalledprocedural memory. (9)It is the type of memoryacquiredby repetitive practice orconditioning, and it includes skills such asridinga bike ortyping. (10) We need both types of memory in our dailylivingbecause we need factsand use a variety of skills.Exercise 22.2: Pattern Practice(1) To learn more about memory, a psychologist studies(studied)visual memory by watching monkeys.(2) To do this, he uses(used)a game that requires(required)the monkey to pick up a block in order tofind the food in a pail underneath. (3) After a brief delay the monkey again sees(saw)the old block ontop of a pail and also sees(saw)a new block with a pail underneath it. (4) The new block now covers(covered)a pail with bananas in it. (5) The monkey quickly learns(learned)each time to pick up the newblockinordertofindfood.(6)Thisdemonstrates(demonstrated)thatthemonkeyremembers(remembered)what the old block looks(looked)like and also what distinguishes(distinguished)thenew block. (7) The psychologist concludes(concluded)that visual memory is(was)at work.Exercise 22.3: Proofreading Practice1. learn8. hopped2. begin9. was going3. are10. concludes4. become11. sees5. has studied12. would not see6. may represent13. would conclude7. took14. failedExercise 22.4: Pattern PracticeLast year, St. John’s wort was one of the many herbal supplements advertised in magazines and newsreports as an alternative remedy for treating anxiety and depression. This herb had been around forhundreds of years, since before the dawn of antidepressants. Many depressed people took medicationssuchasProzac,butresearchrevealedthatherbaltreatmentswerealsoeffective.Apersonwhoexperienced anxiety or depression might have benefited more from an herbal remedy than from a drugthat caused side effects. Antidepressants often caused side effects such as weight gain, lack of interest insex, and insomnia. Herbal remedies such as St. John’s wort might have had no side effects. Many peoplewho had tried this remedy said that they enjoyed life more and were free of anxiety. Experimenting with

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