Solution Manual for Hydrologic Analysis and Design, 4th Edition

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CHAPTER1SolutionsforReviewQuestions.QuestionAnswer.1Cc.2E3A|.4A)igA|8B:::||.||||:||;|!|~v;||4

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Onasmallforestedlot,interceptionwouldbeimportantforsmallstorms.Forestedareasalsohavegreaterpotentialforinfiltration(i.e.,soilstorage)thanurbanareas.Thesurfacerunoffandchannelprocesseswouldberelativelyunimportant.|Fortheforestedcondition,infiltrationandinterceptionaretheprimaryprocesses.Inacleared-watershedstate,overlandflowwillbeadominanthydrologicprocess.Theinfluenceof|infiltrationwillbemuchlessthanforeithertheforestedordevelopedstates.Aftertheresidences|havebeenbuilt,roadwayandpipedrainagewillbemoreimportant.Grass-coveredareaswill|havesomeinfiltrationpotential.|Fortheportionofthewatersheddevotedtotheshoppingcenter,rooftopandparkinglotrunoff|willbethemostimportantprocesses.Depressionstoragewillbeaminorfactor.Infiltrationandinterceptionwillnotbeimportant.|[Iftheshoppingcenterisintheupperportionofthewatershed,thentherunofffromdeveloped|portionofthewatershedwillbepartiallysmoothedbytherurallandcover.Thus,thehydrologiceffectoftheshoppingcenterwouldbeminimized.Iftheshoppingcenterisneartheoutletofthe!500-acwatershed,therunofffromtheshoppingcenterwillpassoutofthewatershedbeforethe|runoffarrivesfromtheruralportionofthewatershed.Thus,theshoppingcenterwillonlyhaveaminoreffectonthecharacteristicsofthefloodrunoff.||BEE———S|Co|°+StudyXxy

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iTherunoffwillbedominatedbythesurfacerunofffromthepavedsurfaces.Thecross-slopeof|thehighwaywilldirectrunofftotheshoulder.Iftheshoulderisborderedbyacurb,thentherunoffwillcollectinthegutterandflowtothenearestinlet.Flowfromthegrassedright-of-way|willhaveaminorimpactonthetotalflow.|Generally,wherebasementsarewet,topographydirectsrunofftowardsthehouse.Thereitis|trappedbythehouseandinfiltratesintotheground.Thecracksinthebasementflooraretheeasiestpathforthewatertotake.Onepossiblesolutionistogradethesurfaceareaaroundthe|housesothatthewaterdrainsawayfromthehouse.|||-_||Theerosionistheresultofthehigh-velocitysurfacerunoff.Thegreaterthelandslope,the:highertherateoftheerosion.Toreducetheerosionpotential,thelandcouldbegradedtoreduceitheslopealongtheflowpath.Theflowpathshouldbegradedinameanderingpatternand|seededwithvegetationthatwouldincreasetheroughnessoftheflowpath.|Intheanalysiscase,anexperimentwouldbedesignedwheretheheadlossandvelocitycouldbemeasuredforgivenvaluesofthelengthanddiameter.Thenfcanbecomputed,andthekroughnessisestimatedfromtheMoodydiagram.:Inthesynthesiscase,fwouldbeobtainedfromtheMoodydiagramandbeusedtocomputethe:headioss..|||||3|TTStudyXYi

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Be[=i:i|ThepumpequationisP,=yQH/ewhereP,=poweroutput,y=specificweightofthefluid,Q=iflowrate,H=thetotalhead,and¢=efficiency.Theefficiencycouldbeestimatedbymeasuring|theflowrateandthepoweroutputforagivenhead.Inthesynthesiscase,theefficiencywillbe|indicateonthepump,whileQandHcanbemeasured.|FO—|i|V,=1in.25ac)22)=2.083acfi12in.2i=2.083ac-ft|435604|_90,7501lac|depth=V/A,=90,750/25,000=3.63fti2|7,=omcoum[mse]~nsssson,|12in.acV,=02V,=19200ac-ft!|20P=P65as(sar)=235,950P,[=]fF;12in.ac:iR=R(10minSos)=600R,[=]min‘tP,PR,RP-RY(P-R)100.07165172.112601525715257200.15353929557002969246209!300.214955018.9113403821084419400.1637752373223801537299791i500.092123448829280-804491746i600.051179852.631560-1976271984:i|4+studyxy[i

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|"|DSa|:aldo./pow|hrRANNFa|344Inflow~a“52&|3@~=£1ieVe‘3|3JHE,>|>2A@fo|.39,NIF|o|/igel,=].HBaoutflow|[<].i0joWWI4Ppw|-Tim3Ici)|.||Thestorageincreasesaslongastheinflowisgreaterthantheoutflow.Maximumstorageoccurs|justpriortothepointintimewhenoutflowexceedsinflow.|BE||(1)Beforeahydrologistmakesananalysisordesign,heorsheshouldhaveboththe|educationalbackgroundandtheexperiencenecessarytocompetentlyperformthework.|Asanexample,thehydrologistshouldknowthelimitationsofamodel,thebasisonwhichthedesignmodelwasdeveloped,andconstraintsonitsapplication.Aprofessional"wouldnotaccepttheassignmentifheorshelackedthepropereducationorexperience.(2)Ahydrologisthasresponsibilitiesandobligationstohisorheremployerandtotheclient.|Theprofessionalalsohasresponsibilitiestosociety.Theseresponsibilitiesmustbebalancedwheretheyconflict.(3)Professionalshaveobligationstotheemployer,theclient,theprofession,andsociety.|Theseobligationsmustbebalanced.Manyresponsibilitiesinvolvehumanandsocietalivalues,notjusttechnicalconcerns.Standardsofconduct,suchascodesofethics,outline|thesevalueissuesandaddressthewaythataprofessionalshouldapproachthem.5|

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|»H(4)Registration,suchasaprofessionalengineerlicence,isimportanttoensurethatonlythosewhohavethepropereducationandexperiencepracticeinthefield.Itdiscouragesunqualifiedpeoplefromperformingthespecificresponsibilitiesoftheprofessionalandpossiblydamagingthereputationofthoseintheprofessionwhoarequalified.(5)Apersonwhofailstorecognizetheobligationsthatheorshehastotheprofessionis:morelikelytobeswayedbyselfishmotives.Thus,supportoftheprofessionencourages;altruisticpractice(whilenotignoringlegitimateresponsibilitiestooneself).:i(6)Confidentialityisanimportantcharactertraitofaprofessional.Itreflectsone’srecognitionoftheresponsibilitiesthataprofessionalhas.Thetechnicalbasisofhydrologicanalysisanddesignisnotstatic.Newknowledgearisesjustasnewproblemsarise.Inorderforahydrologisttobecapableofsolvingthesenewproblems,he:orshemustcontinuetoeducatehimorherself.Failuretomaintaincompetencywillputthefirmiatadisadvantage.Italsomeansthataclientisnotgettingthebestpossibleanalysisordesign.|Failuretomaintaincompetencymayleadtoprojectsthatarenotthesafestpossibleorthemost|aestheticallypleasing.iiiAprofessionalcanmaintaincompetencybytakingclassesatalocaluniversity,attendingbprofessionalworkshops/shortcourses,readingprofessionaljournals,attendingconferenceswhere§papersarepresented,andpursuingself-studyactivities.i‘beauty/aesthetics:Projectsshouldnotaestheticallydegradethelocalenvironment.Including:vegetationaroundastormdetentionbasinwillkeepthebasinfrom.degradingthecommunity.’diligence:Aprofessionalmustbediligentsoprojectsarecompletedontime,which;willpreventdelaysofprojectimplementation.|efficiency:Aprofessionalhasaresponsibilitytobothanemployerandtheclienttobe:efficientincompletingwork.:honor:Aprofessionalmusthonortheprofession;thisencouragescompetentprofessionalpractice.no6:+studyxyiE

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knowledge:Lackofsufficientknowledgecanpreventaprofessionalfromprovidingtheclientwiththebestproject.loyalty:Aprofessionalshouldbeloyaltothecompanyaslongasitdoesnotpreventhimorherfrommeetinghisorherresponsibilitiestotheclientor|society.|publichealth/safety:Professionalprojectsshouldhecompletedinawaythattheydonotput|publichealthorsafetyatunnecessaryrisk.|Tespect:Aprofessionalmustrespecttheenvironment.Aprofessionalmustrespectobligationtotheemployer,theclient,theprofession,andsociety.truth:Theprofessionalmustbetruthfulinallactivities,bothinpersonaland|professionalmatters.||Thisisaconflictbetweenthevaluesoftruth,honesty,andefficiencyononesideofthedilemmaandhappinessandsecurityontheotherside.Theindividualorfirmmaydothistoprovidepersonalhappinessingettingthecontractaswellasproviding(job)securityfortheemployees.|Buttheindividualisnotbeingtotallyhonestwiththeclientandwillreducetheefficiencyofthe;clients’workactivities.Inthiscase,theselfishmotivesarelessimportantthattruthfulnessand|efficiency,sogreaterweightshouldbegiventothevaluesofhonestyandefficiency.-_—i|||‘Assumingthatthecomputerisbeingusedforpersonalpainorpleasureandagainstcompanypolicy,thenthehydrologistisnotbeinghonestwiththeemployer.Theactivitymayalsoreduce:theefficiencyofthefirm.Theindividualisplacingpersonalhappinessand(financial)security|abovetheresponsibilitiesthatheorshehastothefirm.Whileobligationstoacompanydonotialwaysoutweighobligationstooneself,inthiscase,truthfulnessshouldbegivenmoreweightJthantheselfishmotives.||||Probablythesinglemostcommonreasonforprofessionalshavingtheirlicencerevokedis|becauseoffailingtoproperlysupervisetheirsubordinates./7

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Thevaluesinvolvedarehonesty(wheresomeonesignsadesign,itindicatesthattheyhave|completeknowledgeofthework),respect(fortheregistrationprocess),andpublicsafety|(assumingafailedprojectwouldpotentiallyhavepublicconsequences)versusefficiency(thereasonthatanengineerwoulddothisistoincreasehisorherownefficiencyinatime-managementsense).Inthiscase,publicsafetyandrespectshouldbegivenmoreweightthan:efficiency.ii:Thisisanissuewherevariationsmustbeacknowledged.Forexample,somemightagreethatthisisnotanethicalproblemifthepapersaresubmittedtojournalswheretheaudiencesofthetwojournalsarecompletelydifferent,forexample,apaperaddressingcommunicationissuessubmittedtoajournalreadbyEnglishprofessorsandanotherjournalreadentirelybyengineers.Theissuebecomesmoreproblematicasthetwofieldscomeclosertoeachother.Forexample,apaperthatdevelopanewstatisticaltestandappliesittoengineeringdataissenttobothajournaliofstatisticalmethodsandajournalofengineeringapplications..Thebasicvaluedilemmaisalackoftruthfulnessandefficiencyvs.personalpleasurei(professionalbenefit).Theindividualshouldbehonestwithbotheditorsandletthemknowthat|thepaperisbeingsubmittedtotheotherjournal.Itshouldalsobenotedonone’sresumethatitiisthesamepaperinordertopreventarevieweroftheresumefrombelievingthatthepersonhas;accomplishedmorethanheorshereallyhas.Thepracticeofsubmittingthepapertosimilar:journalsreducestheefficiencyofthejournalsandcanbeamisuseoftheresourcesofthe;publisherofthejournal.iThebasicissuehereisequality.Theofficemanagerisnotprovidingequalopportunityforthetwosubordinates,Puttingasidethelegalaspectstoconcentrateonthevalueissues,theofficemanagercannotciteanyvaluethatwouldjustifytheaction.Suggestingfreedomasabasisignoresthefreedomthatthewomanshouldbeaccordedinmeetingherpersonalresponsibilities]andforprofessionalgrowth.j|Thissituationisveryvalueoriented.Theprofessorwillpointtotheknowledgethatshewillgainfromthereal-worldconsulting,herfreedomtomakethemostofherabilities,herhappiness,andthesecurityprovidedbytheoutsideconsulting.Converselylegitimateargumentscouldbemade8:|StudyxyIE

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thatherabsencefromtheuniversityenvironmenthindersherstudents’abilitytogainknowledge;thus,knowledgeisavaluethatsupportsbothsidesoftheconflict.Loyaltytoandrespectforthegoalsoftheuniversityareothervaluesthatariseonthesideoftheuniversity/students.Honestyandtruthmaybeothervaluesthattheprofessorisviolating.Iftheuniversityhasaone-day-a-weekpolicythattheprofessorisexceeding,thensheisnotbeinghonestinherdealingswiththeuniversity.Theuniversityrecognizestheimportanceoftheknowledgegainedbyprofessor'soutsideconsulting,buttheyalsorecognizethedetrimentalimpactoffacultyexceedingtheone-daylimit.Thus,theuniversityhasestablishedtheone-day-a-weekpolicyasaweightingofthevalues.Thehydrologistshowsconcernforhispersonalsecurity(increasednumberofjobs)andhisownhappiness(egoboostfromactingasaground-waterspecialist).Heevidentlyvaluesthismorethanhonesty,truth,andthepotentialdamagetopublichealth/safetythatcouldresultifhemisappliestheprogram.Heattachesmoreweighttothepersonalvaluesthantotheprofessional|values.;|For1-17:“Thisisacommonpractice.”Thisrationalizationismadebecausethemanager|thenfeelsthatbeisnoworsethananyoneelse.For1-18:“Thecomputerdoesnotsufferfromuse.”)-|For1-19:“Ican’tdoeverythingandtheworkisnotdifficult.”For1-20:Theaudiencesofthetwojournalsareverydifferent.”For1-21:“Theassignmentsgiventothewomanarecomparabletothosegiventotheman.”For1-22:“MystudentswillbenefitfromtheknowledgethatIgain.”For1-23;“Iamahydrologistandthis[theground-waterproblem]isaprobleminCohydrology.-i9

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;1.“Everybodydoesit.”Thatdoesn’tmeanthatitisnotdishonest.Itisalsonottrue:becausemanydonotcheat.:2.“It’stheprofessor’sresponsibilitytokeepusfromcheating.”Whensomeoneputshisorhernameonthepaper,thatindicatesthatitishisorherwork,notsomeoneelse’swork.Itisnotjustifiediftheprofessorfailstodetectthecheating.3.“Iamnothurtinganyone.”Whengradesarecurved,cheatingcanhurtsomeoneelse’sgrade.Also,itcontributestoanunprofessionalenvironment.:|1Studieshaveshownthatstudentswhocheatinhighschoolaremorelikelytocheatincollege::thanthosewhodonotcheatinhighschool.Itisunlikelythatanystudieshavebeenmadeaboutjithecorrelationbetweencheatingincollegeandinprofessionallife.However,thepropensityto:cheatdependsonaperson’svaluesystemandunlesstheperson’svaluesystemchanges‘significantlyupongraduation,whichisveryunlikely,thenthepersonwillbemakingvalue|decisionsinprofessionallifewiththesamevaluesystemthatallowedcheatingincollege.|-|5‘Whileanindividualmaybeethical,thatdoesnotnecessarilymeanthat(1)theywillnotcomeincontactwithpeoplewhoarenotethicaland(2)thattheywillknowhowtohandleanethical;dilemmainthewaythattheprofessionexpectsthemtorespond.Someonewhohasbeen:involvedindiscussionsofprofessionalconductmaybemorecapableofproperlyrespondingtoanethicaldilemmathatsomeonewholackstheknowledgeandexperience.:Theadvisormaybeguiltyofplagiarismbecauseheorsheusedsomeone’sworkwithoutproper:recognition.Eveniftheadvisorhadreferencedthethesis,theadvisormaystillbeguiltybecause;thereferenceisaninadequatemeasureofrecognition.Theadvisormayrationalizehisorheriactionbyindicatingthatitwashisorherideaandthatheorshedidn’tuseanymaterialword-for-wordfromthethesis.10Es+StudyxyJE

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Thestudentshouldreviewthepublishedpaperandidentifymaterialthatwasspecificallyaddressedinthethesis.Thensheshouldcontacttheadvisorforanexplanation.Ifstillnotsatisfied,sheshouldnotifythedepartmentchairpersonandaskforaninternalreviewofthematter.Ifstillpotsatisfied,shecantakeitthroughtheproperchannelswithintheuniversity.Ifshestillbelievesthatthematterwasnothandledproperlybytheuniversity,sheshouldcontact|theeditorofthejournalwheretheresearchwaspublished.Obviously,thiscantakealong.periodoftime.:||:||:|.|||i|||i||i|||ili-.aConeEEBl|studyxyJ

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-|:CHAPTER.i0SolutionsforReviewQuestions:QuestionAnswer1Cci2D|3B,:|5B|L6AogD|;A|9E|10Cc.|:|||.||1.i|...|:|.||369:||

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||||BLANK||||||||370|

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WeedSpeedLy(JfFediaonKSurfacerdEvaporahonERelabveHomndZy£huaphe=soterinflowwE>SurfaceIVidASOutflas4ropedwattQo|outflocYs|Analysis|Known:W,R,R,,Q,0,I,Q,ET,|Unknown:ModelcoefficientsSynthesisKnown:W,R,Ry,Q,,0,Ij,Q,»T,,Modelcoefficients|Unknown:E:||;|EeEypForTempeestureTo|p=|MIRA||groundwaterwtshit|Aupsls|Knowns:location,croptype,timeofyear,T,,R,E,:Unknowns:Modelcoefficients(b;)|SynthesisiKnowns: b;,location,croptype,timeofyear,T,,R‘Unknowns:E,(whichincludesE)-—7;:

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i\|Theicelowersthetemperatureoftheglassandthenthesurroundingair.Atalowertemperature,|theaircannotholdasmuchwatersoitcondensesontheglass.i|iR,=062,T=17°CFromTable10-1,e,=14.53mmHg:FromEq.10-2,e=¢,R,,iThedeficitise,-e=e,-e,Ry=¢e,(1-Ry)i>Therefore,¢,-¢=14.53mmHg(1-0.62)=5.52mmHg.=5.52(1.36mb/mmHg)(0.0143psi/mb)=0.1074psi|:|AssumeD=1!AV=Vo(az)2VV3Vigzi=725)00«:av=5.52%1550.825:—=0825z%36.50.324iEd5700210i77.40.158i10780.117i|UsingEq.16-3withthesubscript0usedforthe5-ftmeasurements,thetransformationequationis:V=Pelz)"=Vy(2m(3.281film)15i)"Y:=1042V,37+StudyXxy

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